View source for Summary of Losses from Insect Damage and Costs of Control in Georgia/2004

''Authors: University of Georgia Department of Entomology Special Committee on Insect Survey and Losses for 2004''

==Introduction==
This publication summarizes the economic losses resulting from insect damage and cost of their control in 2004. The loss estimates are prepared by subcommittees of The University of Georgia, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Entomology Special Committee on Insect Surveys and Losses. The estimates of yield loss on units treated and untreated for a given insect pest can vary greatly between commodities. This reflects differences in pest populations pressure, efficacy of control, management practices, etc., and the loss is not always lower for the treated units. 

==Apiculture==
''Author: K. Delaplane''

The number of managed bee hives in Georgia increased sharply from 52,000 to 63,000 between 2003 and 2004<sup>1</sup>. This increase was a reaction to two successive years of increasing honey prices between 2001 and 2003. Beekeepers continued to sustain colony losses and control costs associated with chemical-resistant Varroa mites, antibiotic-resistant American foulbrood disease, and hive-scavenging small hive beetles. Beekeepers report locally high nuisance levels of small hive beetles in honey houses and stored equipment. A few operations sustain damaging levels of beetles in apiaries, especially queen mating yards. Queen performance, measured by egg output and longevity, continues to be a problem with many queens not surviving past six months. 

A survey of beekeepers was done in 2004 to identify industry research priorities. The data are an indicator of the relative concern beekeepers assign the various pest problems facing them in 2004. 

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! colspan="2" | Top five research priorities as indicated by beekeepers from a list of 11 (lower 6 not shown) with 1 being the MOST important and 11 the least (smaller number = higher priority). Data are mean ± standard error.
|-
| antibiotic-resistant American Foulbrood
| 5.7 ± 0.4
|-
| breeding for pest-resistant honey bees
| 2.1 ± 0.3
|-
| queen supersedure/laying problems
| 4.6 ± 0.4
|-
| small hive beetles
| 3.8 ± 0.4
|-
| chemical-resistant varroa mites
| 3.3 ± 0.4
|}

In 2004 the summed production of beekeepers with five or more hives was 3,087,000 pounds of honey, down from 3,380,000 in 2003. Production per hive (49 pounds) decreased sharply from 2003 levels (65 pounds). Declining prices further combined to decrease the value of the 2004 crop to $3,643,000 from $4,326,000 in 2003. In 2004, average price per pound fell to $1.18 from $1.28 in 2003<ref>Georgia Agric. Statistics Service, Mar. 31, 2005</ref>. 

Extension programs reached 162 people in local educational efforts aimed at honey bee parasite biology and control, optimum bee management, and public awareness of the value of bee pollinators. State- and region-oriented educational programs reached an additional 450 persons. The thirteenth annual Young Harris College/University of Georgia Beekeeping Institute drew around 100 participants. UGA research focused on small hive beetle biology and control and pollination of rabbiteye blueberry.

==Apple Insects==
''Authors: D. Horton, E. Ayers, M..Wheeler and J. Dutcher ''

Georgia's 2004 apple crop was valued at $4,350,947 from 658 bearing acres. Gross returns averaged $6,612/acre<ref>2004 Georgia Farm Gate Value Report. Boatright, Sue and John McKissick. 2005. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Area Report, AR-05-01, June 2005.</ref>. Control of San Jose scale, rosy apple aphid, plant bugs, leafminers, leafhoppers, codling moths, leafrollers and mites was good. Control of Oriental fruit moth continued to be inconsistent. 

<center>'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs'''</center>
{|align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Rank
! Insect
! Cost of Control
! Damage
! Total
|-
| 1
| Oriental fruit moth
| $26,320
| $91,370
| $117,690
|-
| 2
| Codling moth
| $39,480
| $65,264
| $104,744
|-
| 3
| Tufted bud moth
| $28,623
| $60,913
| $89,536
|-
| 4
| San Jose scale
| $12,831
| $13,053
| $25,884
|-
| 5
| Aphids
| $19,839
| $17,404
| $37,243
|-
| 6
| Mites
| $13,005
| $20,710
| $33,715
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$140,098'''''
| '''''$268,714'''''
| '''''$408,812'''''
|} 



<center>'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Apple Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004'''</center>
{|align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Insect
! No. Trees Needing Control
! No. Trees Treated
! No. of Applications
! Avg. Cost Per Tree
! Yield (Bu) Loss on Treated Trees
! Yield Loss (Bu) on Untreated Trees
|-
|Oriental fruit moth
|align="center"|658
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| $40.00
|align="center"| 2.1
|align="center"| 0
|-
|Codling moth
|align="center"|658
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| $60.00
|align="center"| 1.5
|align="center"| 0
|-
|Tufted bud moth
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| $43.50
|align="center"| 1.4
|align="center"| 0
|-
|Aphids
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| $30.15
|align="center"| 0.4
|align="center"| 0
|-
|San Jose scale
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 658
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| $19.50
|align="center"| 0.3
|align="center"| 0
|-
|Mites
|align="center"| 300
|align="center"| 200
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| $43.35
|align="center"| 0.6
|align="center"| 1.0
|}

==Blackberry Insects== 
''Author: D. Horton''

Georgia's 2004 blackberry crop was valued at $3,408,000 from 313 bearing acres<ref>2005 Georgia Farm Gate Fruit and Nuts Report. Boatright, S.R. and J.C. McKissick. 2005. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Special Report SR 05-04, July 2005.</ref>. A gross return of $10,888/acre. Flower thrips, mites, blackberry gall midge, and the sucking bug complex (plant and stink bug species) appear to be more important arthropod pests of this emerging crop. Understanding of these insect and mite pests, particularly in Georgia's lower coastal plain bramble production center is seriously lacking. Additional research is needed to better provide for this crop's IPM needs. 

<center>'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs'''</center>
{| align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
!Rank
! Insect
! Cost of Control
! Damage
! Total
|-
| align="center"|1
| Gall midge and flower thrips
| align="right"|$ 900
| align="right"|$44,430
| align="right"|$45,330
|-
| align="center"|2
| Mites
| align="right"|$1,320
| align="right"|$1,430
| align="right"|$2,750
|-
| align="center"|3
| Plant bugs & stink bugs
| align="right"|$60
| align="right"|$5,440
| align="right"|$5,500
|-
|
| align="center"|'''''Total'''''
| align="right"|'''''$2,280'''''
| align="right"|'''''$51,300'''''
| align="right"|'''''$53,580'''''
|}



<center>'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Blueberry Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004''' </center>
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Insect
! Acres Needing Control
! Acres Treated
! No. of Applic.
! Application Cost Per Acre
! Yield ($) Loss on Treated Acre
! Yield ($) Loss on Untreated Acre
|-
| Gall midge and flower thrips
| align="center"|63
| align="center"|50
| align="center"|1
| align="right"|$18.00
| align="right"|$21,780.00
| align="right"|$22,650.00
|-
| Mites
| align="center"|31
| align="center"|22
| align="center"|1
| align="right"|$60.00
| align="right"|$110.00
| align="right"|$3070.00
|-
| Plant bugs & stink bugs
| align="center"|16
| align="center"|13
| align="center"|1
| align="right"|$6.00
| align="right"|$2830.00
| align="right"|$2610.00
|}

==Blueberry Insects==
''Author: D. Horton''

Georgia's 2004 blueberry crop was valued at $48,569,000 from 8,450 bearing acres<ref>2005 Georgia Farm Gate Fruit and Nuts Report. Boatright, S.R. and J.C. McKissick. 2005. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Special Report SR 05-04, July 2005.</ref>. Emerging pests gall midge and flower thrips (pre-bloom and bloom), as well as the blueberry maggot (late season) are an under-researched concern. Our understanding of biology and controls for these pests under southeastern conditions is wanting. Higher losses were partially attributable to the 2004 crop=s abnormally high value. 

<center>'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs'''</center>
{| align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Rank
! Insect
! Cost of Control
! Damage
! Total
|-
| 1
| Pre-bloom/Bloom complex (gall midge and flower thrips)
| align="right"|$491,400
| align="right"|$62,400
| align="right"|$553,800
|-
| 2
| Blueberry maggot
| align="right"|$177,450
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$177,450
|-
| 3
| Cranberry fruit worm
| align="right"|$12,000
| align="right"|$40,000
| align="right"|$52,000
|-
| 4
| Defoliating caterpillars
| align="right"|$8,000
| align="right"|$40,000
| align="right"|$48,000
|-
| 5
| Fire ants
| align="right"|$5,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$5,000
|-
| 6
| Stem borers
| align="right"|$1,500
| align="right"|$2,000
| align="right"|$3,500
|-
|
| align="right"|'''''Total'''''
| align="right"|'''''$695,350'''''
| align="right"|'''''$144,400'''''
| align="right"|'''''$839,750'''''
|} 


<center>'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Blueberry Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004 '''</center>
{| align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Insect
! Acres Needing Control
! Acres Treated
! No. of Applications
! Application Cost Per Acre
! Yield ($) Loss on Treated Acre
! Yield ($) Loss on Untreated Acre
|-
| Gall midge and flower thrip
| align="right"|4,648
| align="right"|3,718
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$18.00
| align="right"|$57.00
| align="right"|$230.00
|-
| Cranberry fruit worm
| align="right"|1,690
| align="right"|1,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$12.00
| align="right"|$28.00
| align="right"|-
|-
| Caterpillars
| align="right"|1,000
| align="right"|1,000
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|$10.00
| align="right"|$40.00
| align="right"|-
|-
| Fire ants and wasps
| align="right"|500
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$40.00
|-
| Blueberry maggot
| align="right"|2,112
| align="right"|2,112
| align="right"|7
| align="right"|$12.00
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$177,450.00
|}

==Cotton Insects== 
''Authors: P. Roberts and J. Ruberson''

Approximately 1.26 million acres of cotton were harvested in Georgia during 2004. Although growing conditions were not ideal, growers had expectations of an above average crop until three hurricanes reduced yield prospects. Insect populations ranged from relatively light to heavy depending on location. 

Thrips populations were moderate to heavy and at-plant insecticides typically performed well. Isolated reports of grasshoppers reducing plant stands were observed in a few reduced tillage fields. Spider mites were present at low numbers in many fields during June and July but populations rarely reached economic levels. Aphids built to moderate populations during June before crashing due to the naturally occurring fungus in late June and early July. 

Tarnished plant bugs continued to be a minor pest in most areas, however high populations and economic damage were observed in some fields in the western side of the state. Beet armyworms were observed in sporadic fields during July. Fall armyworm was also a sporadic pest in southwest and east Georgia. 

Tobacco budworm populations were light to moderate during June and July, except in southwest Georgia where sustained pressure occurred during most of July and August. Tobacco budworm infestations were heavy in west Georgia during August, especially on late planted cotton. Tobacco budworms were also more prominent than normal in east Georgia during August. Corn earworm populations were moderate and required treatment on a portion of Bt cotton acres. Sporadic populations of southern armyworm and soybean loopers occurred during August and September. 

Stink bug populations were much lower compared with 2003. Stink bug populations were moderate during July but declined as the season progressed into August and September. However, most fields required treatment with insecticide. 

Two boll weevils were captured in Georgia during 2004. A single boll weevil was caught in Appling County and a single boll weevil was captured in Wilcox County. Fields in the vicinity of each capture were intensively trapped but no additional boll weevils were captured.  

<center>'''Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2004'''</center>
{|align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
!Rank
! Insect
! Cost of Control
! Damage<sup>a</sup>
! Total 
|-
| 1
| Tobacco Budworm<sup>b</sup>
|align="right"|$22,090,000
| align="right"|$3,540,000
| align="right"|$25,630,000
|-
| 2
| Stink Bugs
| align="right"|$13,300,000
| align="right"|$6,549,000
| align="right"|$19,849,000
|-
| 3
| Corn Earworm<sup>b</sup>
| align="right"|$12,390,000
| align="right"|$5,752,500
| align="right"|$18,142,500
|-
| 4
| Thrips
| align="right"|$12,650,000
| align="right"|$660,800
| align="right"|$13,310,800
|-
| 5
| Boll Weevil<sup>c</sup>
| align="right"|$4,410,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$4,410,000
|-
| 6
| Plant Bugs
| align="right"|$957,000
| align="right"|$302,375
| align="right"|$1,259,375
|-
| 7
| Fall Armyworm
| align="right"|$643,500
| align="right"|$141,600
| align="right"|$785,100
|-
| 8
| Aphids
| align="right"|$560,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$560,000
|-
| 9
| Soybean Looper
| align="right"|$300,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$300,000
|-
| 10
| Beet Armyworm
| align="right"|$200,000
| align="right"|$6,230
| align="right"|$206,230
|-
| 11
| Spider Mites
| align="right"|$50,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$50,000
|-
| 12
| Grasshoppers
| align="right"|$42,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$42,000
|-
| 13
| Cutworms
| align="right"|$42,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$42,000
|-
| 14
| Whiteflies
| align="right"|$12,000
| align="right"|$0
| align="right"|$12,000
|-
|
| Scouting/Consulting
| align="right"|$7,144,200
|
| align="right"|$7,144,200
|-
|
| align="right"|'''''Total'''''
| align="right"|'''''$74,790,700'''''
| align="right"|'''''$16,952,505'''''
| align="right"|'''''$91,743,205'''''
|}

<small><sup>a</sup>Approximate price received, $0.59/lb. Lint (cash price plus loan deficiency payment, USDA-AMS and USDA-FSA). 

<sup>b</sup>Bt transgenic cotton costs based on $26.00 per acre technology fee on 1,020,000 acres. Seventy-five percent of total costs charged to tobacco budworm and 25 percent to corn earworm. 

<sup>c</sup>Grower Costs of Boll Weevil Eradication Program, $3.50 per acre.</small>


<center>'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Cotton Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004'''</center>
{|align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
| Insect 
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. of Acres Applic.
| Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Treated 
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated<sup>2</sup>
|-
| Tobacco Budworm<sup>3</sup>
| align="right"|200,000 
| align="right"|100,000
| align="right"|2.2
| align="right"|$10.00
| align="right"|1,500,000
| align="right"|4,500,000
|-
| Stink Bugs
| align="right"|1,050,000
| align="right"|950,000
| align="right"|2
| align="right"|$7.00
| align="right"|7,600,000
| align="right"|3,500,000
|-
| Corn Earworm<sup>3</sup>
| align="right"|500,000 
| align="right"|450,000
| align="right"|1.6
| align="right"|$8.00
| align="right"|6,750,000
| align="right"|3,000,000
|-
| Thrips
| align="right"|1,200,000
| align="right"|1,150,000
| align="right"|1.1
| align="right"|$10.00
| align="right"|50,000
| align="right"|1,070,000
|-
| Boll Weevil<sup>4</sup>
| align="right"|0 
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|$0.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|-
| Plant Bugs
| align="right"|150,000
| align="right"|145,000
| align="right"|1.1
| align="right"|$6.00
| align="right"|362,500
| align="right"|150,000
|-
| Fall Armyworm
| align="right"|75,000
| align="right"|65,000
| align="right"|1.1
| align="right"|$9.00
| align="right"|78,000
| align="right"|162,000
|-
| Aphids
| align="right"|40,000
| align="right"|70,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$8.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|-
| Soybean Looper
| align="right"|35,000
| align="right"|30,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$10.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|-
| Beet Armyworm
| align="right"|20,000
| align="right"|20,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$10.00
| align="right"|5,000
| align="right"|5,560
|-
| Spider Mites
| align="right"|5,000
| align="right"|5,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$10.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|-
| Grasshoppers
| align="right"|7,500
| align="right"|6,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$7.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|-
| Cutworms
| align="right"|6,000
| align="right"|6,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$7.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|-
| Whiteflies
| align="right"|1,000
| align="right"|1,000
| align="right"|1
| align="right"|$12.00
| align="right"|0
| align="right"|0
|}

<small><sup>1</sup>Includes application costs. 

<sup>2</sup>Yield units measured in pounds of lint. 

<sup>3</sup>Does not include costs of Bt transgenic cotton; foliar insecticides only. 

<sup>4</sup>Grower costs of Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP). All cotton produced in Georgia is required to participate in BWEP. The annual per acre assessment for participation was $3.50 per acre during 2004.</small>

==VI. Field Corn Insects==

G. Buntin and J. All 

Corn was harvested from 280,000 acres in 2004, which was a small decrease from 2003. However, yields averaged 130 bushels per acre, which was 1 bushel acre more than the previous year and a state record. The average price was $2.20 per bushel. 

Soil insects as a group were the number one insect pest of field corn in Georgia. Historically about 25-30% of acreage was treated with a conventional at-planting insecticide for soil insect control. In 2004 the neonicotinoid seed treatment, Poncho 250, became available and was used on about 30% of the acreage, replacing some of the conventional at-planting insecticides. Poncho 250 cost about $5 - 6 per acre compared with $10 - 12 per acre for conventional treatments. Cutworms mostly black cutworm were numerous and caused damage in reduced tillage fields. Stink bugs populations were lower than in 2003 but some fields had damaged seedling plants and developing grain ears. Chinch bugs damage seedling stand and infested field during grain fill in some areas. Generally, corn earworm and fall armyworm numbers were low and mainly damaged late-planted corn. Cereal leaf beetle populations continue to increase in the coastal plain region. Cereal leaf beetles defoliate whorl-stage corn mostly along field edges, which rarely reduces grain yield. 

'''Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Soil insects<sup>1</sup>
| $560,000
| $400,000
| $960,000
|-
| 2
| Stink bugs
| 101,000
| 480,000
| 581,000
|-
| 3
| Chinch bugs
| 45,000
| 160,000
| 205,000
|-
| 4
| Corn earworm
| 0
| 320,000
| 320,000
|-
| 5
| Cutworms
| 67,000
| 160,000
| 227,000
|-
| 6
| Fall armyworm
| 67,000
| 120,000
| 187,000
|-
| 7
| Cereal leaf beetle
| 50,000
| 0
| 50,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$890,000'''''
| '''''$1,640,000'''''
| '''''$2,530,000'''''
|}

<sup>1</sup>Includes wireworms, southern corn rootworm, western corn rootworm, lesser cornstalk borer, billbugs, sugarcane beetles and white grubs.  '''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Field Corn Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect 
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. of Acres Applic.
| Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Treated 
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated
|-
| Soil insects<sup>2</sup>
| 84,000 
| 84,000
| 1
| 12.00
| 50,000
| 182,000
|-
| Stink bugs
| 34,000
| 17,000
| 1
| 6.00
| 44,000
| 175,000
|-
| Chinch bugs
| 11,000
| 6,000
| 1
| 7.00
| 15,000
| 58,000
|-
| Corn earworm
| 22,000
| 0
| 1
| --
| 0
| 146,000
|-
| Cutworms
| 17,000
| 11,000
| 1
| 8.00
| 10,000
| 62,000
|-
| Fall armyworm
| 17,000
| 8,000
| 1
| 8.00
| 10,000
| 55,000
|-
| Cereal leaf beetle
| 9,000
| 9,000
| 1
| 5.00
| 0
| 0
|}

<sup>1</sup>Application cost not included; corn earworm control not feasible in field corn. 

<sup>2</sup>Includes wireworms, southern corn rootworm, western corn rootworm, lesser cornstalk borer, 

billbugs, sugarcane beetles, and white grubs.  

==Grain Sorghum Insects==

D. Buntin and J. All 

Grain sorghum was harvested from 25,000 acres in 2004, which was a 34% reduction from 2003. Yields averaged 47 bushels per acre with an average price of $2.02 per bushel. Near normal rainfall and low grain prices favored planting of other crops. 

Chinch bugs continue to be the number one insect pest of grain sorghum in Georgia, but more normal rainfall levels reduced infestations. Swarming birds also eat grain especially along field margins and in smaller fields. Sorghum midge caused losses mainly in late-planted sorghum. Head worms, including corn earworm, sorghum webworm and fall armyworm, stink bugs in grain heads are managed together, but populations were moderate in 2004. Soil insects, mostly lesser cornstalk borer at planting, caused sporadic damage in some fields. 

'''Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Chinch bug
| $10,000
| $30,000
| $ 40,000
|-
| 2
| Sorghum midge
| 13,000
| 12,000
| 25,000
|-
| 3
| Bird damage<sup>2</sup>
| 0
| 24,000
| 24,000
|-
| 4
| Head worms<sup>1</sup> and stink bugs 
| 6,000
| 5,000
| 11,000
|-
| 5
| Soil insects
| 3,000
| 7,000
| 10,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$32,000'''''
| '''''$78,000'''''
| '''''$110,000'''''
|}

<sup>1</sup>Includes corn earworm, sorghum webworm and fall armyworm  '''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Grain Sorghum Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect 
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. of Acres Applic.
| Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Treated 
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated
|-
| Chinch bugs
| 3,800
| 1,300
| 1
| 8.00
| 3,000
| 12,000
|-
| Sorghum midge
| 3,800
| 2,500
| 1
| 5.00
| 0
| 6,000
|-
| Bird damage<sup>2</sup>
| 2,500 
| 0
| B<sup>2</sup>
| B<sup>2</sup>
| 0 
| 12,000
|-
| Head worms and stink bugs
| 2,000
| 1,000
| 1
| 6.00
| 0
| 2,000
|-
| Soil insects
| 1,500
| 0
| 1
| 10.00
| 0
| 4,000
|}

<sup>1</sup>Application costs not included. 

<sup>2</sup>Not legal to control birds with pesticides.  

==Grape Insects==

D. Horton, J. All and J. Dutcher 

Georgia=s 2004 grape crop was valued at $7,380,000 from 1,900 bearing acres*. Insect control was generally good. Pierce=s disease, ''Xylella fastidiosa'', a significant cause of premature vine death, is vectored by leafhopper. Options for suppression of Pierce=s disease vector are limited. 

_____________________________ 

*2005 Georgia Farm Gate Fruit and Nuts Report. Boatright, S.R. and J.C. McKissick. 2005. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Special Report SR 05-04, July 2005. 

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Grape root borer
| $22,100
| $92,472
| $114,472
|-
| 2
| Japanese and June beetles
| 7,200
| 19,824
| 27,024
|-
| 3
| At-harvest nuisance pests
| 2,700
| 9,912
| 12,612
|-
| 4
| Grape curculio
| 2,700
| 2,250
| 4,950
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$34,700'''''
| '''''$124,485'''''
| '''''$159,158'''''
|}

'''Information Pertaining to Control of Grape Insects in Georgia in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect 
| No. of Acres Needing Control
| No. of Acres Treated
| No. of Applic.
| Average Application Cost Per Acre
| Yield Loss ($) on Treated Acres
| Yield Loss on Untreated Acres
|-
| Grape root borer
| 1,900
| 900
| 1
| $17.00
| $39.00
| $155.00
|-
| Japanese and June beetles
| 600
| 600
| 1
| 12.00
| 39.00
| 117.00
|-
| At-harvest nuisance pests
| 300
| 300
| 1
| 9.00
| 5.00
| 30.00
|-
| Grape curculio
| 225
| 225
| 1
| 12.00
| 10.00
| 90.00
|} 

==IX. Household and Structural Insects==

D. Suiter and B. Forschler 

Georgia is the second most populated state in the southeast. During the 1990s it was the fastest growing state east of Colorado and the sixth fastest growing state in the U.S. During the decade, Georgia=s population grew by 1.7 million (26.4% increase) to 8.2 million. The 20-county Atlanta metropolitan statistical area (MSA) grew by 1.1 million, accounting for 68% of the states growth. Half of Georgia=s residents currently live in the 20-county Atlanta MSA, and by 2010 the Atlanta area is projected to have grown by another 687,000. Urbanization often leads to problems directly associated with insects and other pests. A 2003 University of Georgia Survey Research Center poll of 500 Georgians found that: 

T 26% of respondents had hired a pest control company in the past two years to treat for termites. The response was statistically independent of whether the respondent was a Georgia native or not, age, ethnicity, gender, and marital status, but was dependent upon education, income, whether the respondent lived in a MSA or not, and whether the respondent rented or owned their home. 

T 36% of respondents had hired a pest control company in the past two years to treat for pests other than termites. The response was statistically independent of whether the respondent was a Georgia native or not, age, ethnicity, gender, income, and whether the respondent rented or owned their home, but was dependent upon marital status, education, and whether the respondent lived in a MSA or not. 

Recent surveys have determined that a majority of the services provided by pest management firms are for the control and prevention of pests in residential areas. A nationwide survey indicated that over 18,000 pest management firms in the U.S. amass an estimated $5.65 billion in annual service revenues---75% of these revenues are from residential and commercial services. Because some pest species are a problem anywhere that food is manufactured, prepared, cooked, served, or stored, commercial businesses serviced by pest management firms often include restaurants, service stations, schools, daycares, hospitals, grocery stores, nursing homes, food processing and manufacturing plants, food storage facilities and warehouses, etc. Each year, over 1,000 pest management firms in Georgia serve the diverse needs of Georgia homeowners and businesses. In 2004, for instance, 1,187 pest management firms in Georgia employed 7,437 individuals (1,951 certified operators and 5,486 technicians), excluding secretaries and other office personnel; 107 new pest management firms were started in Georgia in 2004.  The total dollar value (i.e., revenues and expenditures) associated with pests and their control and prevention comes from a wide variety of sources---not just service fees garnered by pest management firms. For instance, in addition to the service fees paid by Georgians to pest management firms to control and prevent pests of homes, homeowners also spend untold dollars to repair damage to homes caused by pests and to pay for expenses related to the treatment of medical conditions that are a direct result of bites, stings, or allergies caused by some pests found in and around the home. Fire ants, yellow jackets, wasps, hornets, and some stinging caterpillars and spiders are annually responsible for a number of human deaths, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations. Financial costs associated with these events are unknown, but probably significant. Furthermore, house dust mites and German cockroaches are common causes of asthma in inner city children. Cockroach allergies are reportedly the #1 reason for emergency room visits by inner city children. Many arthropods create real anxieties, known as entomophobias, in an unknown number of individuals. Some entomophobias are extreme, resulting in a mental state known as Delusory Parasitosis (DP), wherein delusions of insect infestation of the body dominate one=s thoughts and actions to the detriment of living a normal life. Cases involving DP sometimes require professional medical (e.g., for treatment of infected sores caused by excessive scratching, or in some cases self-mutilation, caused by the patient=s need to >remove the bugs= from the skin) and psychological care. The costs of both forms of care are unknown. Finally, many industries and businesses peripheral to the pest management industry (e.g., pesticide product manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, insurers, regulators, product distributors, etc.) add thousands of jobs and generate tens of millions of dollars in revenue for their U.S. and Georgia-based companies. 

'''Non-Termite Pests.''' The most important group of non-termite pests in Georgia are the ants---Argentine ants (known to Georgians as >sugar ants=), fire ants, carpenter ants, and odorous house ants. In 2004, a nationwide survey of 492 pest control companies indicated that ant control was the second fastest growing segment of business. This was the first time since 2001 that ant control services were not the fastest growing segment of services offered. In the survey, 92% of companies offered ant control services (compared to 95% in 2003), more than any other type of service offered. Furthermore, in the same UGA Survey Research Center poll of 500 Georgians mentioned above, 33% of respondents had been troubled by an ant infestation in their home in the past two years. The response was statistically independent of whether the respondent was a Georgia native or not, age, gender, marital status, income, education, whether the respondent rented or owned their home, and whether the respondent lived in a MSA or not. The response was, however, dependent upon ethnicity. 

Other pests important in Georgia include cockroaches (German, Asian, smokybrown, American), flys (houseflies, moth flys, fruit flys), biting and stinging pests (spiders, fleas, ticks, yellow jackets, hornets, bees, stinging caterpillars, mosquitoes), pantry and fabric pests (Indianmeal moths, cowpea weevils, drugstore and cigarette beetles, and carpet beetles), and various occasional invaders (millipedes, centipedes, crickets, camel crickets, ground beetles, pillbugs and sowbugs, and springtails). In the same national survey noted above, mosquito control services offered by pest management companies have experienced a three-year upswing---likely the result of a national onset of West Nile virus. In 2004, for example, 28% of companies surveyed offered a mosquito control service, compared to 23% in 2003. Furthermore, in 2004 39% of companies surveyed indicated that service revenue for control of medically important pests (mosquitoes, ticks, fire ants) had increased in comparison to revenues three years prior. 

'''Wood-Destroying Organisms'''. Subterranean termites are the most economically important structural insect pest encountered by Georgia homeowners. In Georgia, subterranean termites account for tens of millions of dollars in pest control industry revenue and homeowner expenditures to repair termite-damaged homes. In the same national survey noted above, termite control services represented the #1 growth market for pest control companies in 2004; 76% of companies surveyed offer subterranean termite control services (compared to 62% in 2001). Almost 2/3 (62%) of companies that offer subterranean termite control services use both baits and liquid termiticides, while about 35% use only liquids and just 3% use only baits. Drywood termites are less important, and largely a regional pest along Georgia=s coastline and in south Georgia. Other, less important, wood-destroying insect pests encountered by the structural pest control industry include powderpost beetles, old house borers, carpenter ants, and carpenter bees. Wood-rotting fungi, associated with persistently wet wood, is responsible for unknown costs related to control and damage repair (i.e., mainly wood replacement). Collectively, though, drywood termites and all wood-infesting beetles likely account for a fraction of the economic impact of either subterranean termites or wood-rotting fungi. 

The ''Formosan subterranean termite'' (FST) is a unique species of subterranean termite that deserves special mention because of its potential negative impact on Georgians. It is native to China, was accidentally introduced into the southern U.S. by maritime traffic over 50 years ago, and has since been found in nine southern states. From 1993 to 2004, 18 infestations have been identified in Georgia (see graph below). Five sites were found in 2004 alone. Additional, undiscovered sites certainly exist throughout the state.  The FST is the most destructive termite pest in the U.S., and arguably the world. It can cause extensive structural damage. In extreme cases, damage can even be catastrophic. A homeowner in Marietta, GA sustained, by his own estimate, $200,000 in Formosan termite damage (see quote below); we can cite several other damage estimates of homes in Georgia in the $10,000-$70,000 range. Prior to hurricane Katrina, the FST was annually responsible for an estimated $100 million in damage to homes and businesses in the New Orleans area. 

In the U.S., the Formosan termite is most commonly spread by movement of termite-infested railroad crossties. As railroad companies replace crossties, some of the used ones are sold and re-used to build retaining walls and other landscape features around homes and businesses. Some of the used crossties are infested with Formosan termites. The termites survive transport and become established in previously un-infested areas when the crossties are installed. Unfortunately, movement of termite-infested crossties into un-infested, growing communities will likely continue for the foreseeable future. 

A''If you add in demolition associated costs to the costs of labor and replacement, I think $200,000 is a fair estimate''Y'' just to ''A''get back''@'' what was already there in a 1970s brick ranch. This has become a life-changing event''@''. ''

''---This is a 2003 email quote from a Marietta, GA homeowner regarding out-of-pocket costs directly associated with a Formosan termite infestation of his home.'' 

[[Image:SurveyLoss04_img_1.jpg|364px]] 

Since 1993, 18 Formosan termite sites have been discovered in Georgia, including five in 2004.  

==Livestock and Poultry Insects==

N. Hinkle 

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Darkling beetles
| $2,496,000
| $7,330,000
| $9,826,000
|-
| 2
| House flies
| 2,499,000
| 2,766,000
| 5,265,000
|-
| 3
| Horn flies
| 1,281,000
| 1,653,000
| 2,934,000
|-
| 4
| Stable flies
| 951,000
| 1,343,400
| 2,294,400
|-
| 5
| Northern fowl mites
| 344,000
| 1,246,000
| 1,590,000
|-
| 6
| Lice
| 339,500
| 409,100
| 748,600
|-
| 7
| Grubs and bots
| 275,900
| 147,100
| 423,000
|-
| 8
| Horse flies
| 40,000
| 149,000
| 189,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$8,226,400'''''
| '''''$15,043,600'''''
| '''''$23,270,000'''''
|}

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs for Each Group of Livestock and Associated Pests in Georgia in 2004'''. 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| Control Cost
| Damage
| Total
|-
| colspan="4" | '''eef Cattle'''
|-
| '''B'''

Horn fly
| $1,265,000
| $1,597,000
| $2,862,000
|-
| Lice
| 192,000
| 347,000
| 539,000
|-
| Stable fly
| 122,000
| 309,000
| 431,000
|-
| Grubs
| 107,000
| 61,000
| 168,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$1,686,000'''''
| '''''$2,314,000'''''
| '''''$4,000,000'''''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''airy Cattle'''
|-
| '''D'''

Horn fly
| $ 16,000
| $ 56,000
| $ 72,000
|-
| Lice
| 26,000
| 54,000
| 80,000
|-
| Stable fly
| 97,000
| 959,000
| 1,056,000
|-
| Grubs
| 93,500
| 11,000
| 104,500
|-
| House fly
| 171,000
| 930,000
| 1,101,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$403,500'''''
| '''''$2,010,000'''''
| '''''$2,413,500'''''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''orses'''
|-
| '''H'''

Lice
| $ 72,500
| $ 8,100
| $ 80,600
|-
| Stable fly
| 732,000
| 75,400
| 807,400
|-
| House fly
| 638,000
| 65,000
| 703,000
|-
| Horse fly
| 40,000
| 149,000
| 189,000
|-
| Bots
| 75,400
| 75,100
| 150,500
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$1,557,900'''''
| '''''$372,600'''''
| '''''$1,930,500'''''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''oultry''' (Layers)
|-
| '''P'''

Lice
| $ 19,000
| $ 0
| $ 19,000
|-
| House fly
| 291,000
| 290,000
| 581,000
|-
| Darkling beetle
| 40,000
| 79,000
| 119,000
|-
| Mites
| 145,000
| 337,000
| 482,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$495,000'''''
| '''''$706,000'''''
| '''''$1,201,000'''''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''oultry''' (Breeders)
|-
| '''P'''

Lice
| $ 30,000
| $ 0
| $ 30,000
|-
| House fly
| 399,000
| 580,000
| 979,000
|-
| Darkling beetle
| 34,000
| 202,000
| 236,000
|-
| Mites
| 199,000
| 909,000
| 1,108,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$662,000'''''
| '''''$1,691,000'''''
| '''''$2,353,000'''''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''oultry''' (Broilers)
|-
| '''P'''

House fly
| $1,000,000
| $ 901,000
| 1,901,000
|-
| Darkling beetle
| $2,422,000
| 7,049,000
| 9,471,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$3,422,000'''''
| '''''$7,950,000'''''
| '''''$11,372,000'''''
|-
| '''''Grand Total'''''
| '''''$8,226,400'''''
| '''''$15,043,600'''''
| '''''$23,270,000'''''
|} 

==XI. Ornamental, Lawn and Turf Insects==

R. Oetting, W. Hudson and K. Braman 

The ornamentals, lawn, and turf section covers estimates for both the production and maintenance industries. The economic impact is inflated more by the maintenance industry than production industry. The use of pesticides by homeowners and professional pest control operators for control of pests around public areas (schools, industrial sites, hotels and motels, financial institutions, hospitals, municipal and private parks, shopping centers, higher education institutions, churches, cemeteries, golf courses) contribute to determining the costs of control and damage. 

Ornamental production of floricultural crops is primarily under greenhouse culture and has spring and fall pest problems. Field production has been on a decline and there are only a few commercial field production operations left. There is a substantial amount of outdoor production of bedding plants near greenhouses as part of the overall production. Populations of whitefly, mealybug, and spider mites were moderate but generally manageable in 2004, as long as growers did not let things get out of hand. Leafminers were serious pests in those operations where this pest has become established, but many growers still do not have to contend with leafminer problems. 

Approximately 24% of Georgia homeowners purchase lawn care and landscape maintenance services (Jordan et al., 1999) and the Atlanta Metro Area is consistently one of the largest lawn care markets in the United States. The number of landscape installation and maintenance firms in Georgia exceeded 2,300 and provided employment for over 42,000 individuals. The majority of these firms (63%) serviced at least 100 acres of lawns and landscapes, and it is estimated that all firms together serviced approximately 225,000 landscape acres. 

In 2004, the major insect problems on woody ornamentals, both in home landscapes and commercial landscape maintenance, included various species of scale insects, mealybugs, mites, aphids, whiteflies, various caterpillars, foliage feeding beetles, borers, and lace bugs. No one pest seemed to cause more problems than might have been expected from past experience. 

The turf industry in Georgia, including production, sales, installation and maintenance, is estimated to be worth over $1.6 billion annually. There are currently 445 golf courses in operation in the state, with more under construction or in planning. There are over 750 football fields, thousands of acres of turf on school grounds (public and private), and more than 25,000 acres of turf in parks. In total, there are almost 2 million acres of turf grass in the state. The Atlanta metro area has been the strongest housing market and largest lawn care market in the country. Continued demand for quality sod has fueled an expansion of the state=s sod production industry to over 38,000 acres, more than double the acreage in 1998.  Although mole crickets are found only in the coastal plain region, they are so destructive and difficult to control that a significant proportion of the losses and control costs due to insects statewide are due to these pests. The damage done by mole crickets in well managed turf has been dropping over the last few seasons, as newer insecticides have become widely available. These materials are expensive but very effective and once mole crickets are controlled in a given area, they may take several seasons to build back up to destructive population levels. White grubs and billbugs in zoysiagrass production continue to cause significant losses, although white grubs are also more manageable with newer insecticides. 

'''Private units considered in preparing the loss estimates for 2004.''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Households
| 3,006,000
|-
| Floriculture (18.4 million ft<sup>2</sup>) 
| 1,025
|-
| Nurseries (3,600 acres containers)
| 1,285
|-
| Nurseries (5,825 acres field)
| 1,800
|-
| Sod farms (38,000 acres)
| 100
|}

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Ornamentals'''
|-
| Scale insect & mealybugs
| $30,500,000
| $32,680,000
| $63,180,000
|-
| Mites
| 24,750,000
| 22,300,000
| 47,050,000
|-
| Aphids
| 8,370,000
| 4,200,000
| 12,570,000
|-
| Whiteflies
| 7,550,000
| 5,895,000
| 13,445,000
|-
| Thrips
| 6,245,000
| 6,295,000
| 12,540,000
|-
| Caterpillars<sup>1</sup>
| 3,750,000
| 2,150,000
| 5,900,000
|-
| Slugs and snails
| 2,500,000
| 1,100,000
| 3,600,000
|}

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| 490,000
|
|
|
|-
| Miscellaneous<sup>3</sup>
| 5,165,000
| 2,625,000
| 7,790,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$92,020,000'''''
| '''''$80,320,000'''''
| '''''$172,340,000'''''
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Lawns and Turf'''
|-
| Mole crickets
| $ 11,855,000
| $5,250,000
| $17,105,000
|-
| Caterpillars<sup>4</sup>
| 3,600,000
| 6,300,000
| 9,900,000
|-
| White grubs
| 3,350,000
| 2,400,000
| 5,750,000
|-
| Chinch bugs
| 940,000
| 1,500,000
| 2,440,000
|-
| Spittle bugs
| 900,000
| 1,710,000
| 2,610,000
|-
| Miscellaneous<sup>5</sup>
| 2,835,000
| 2,835,000
| 5,670,000
|-
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$ 23,480,000'''''
| '''''$19,995,000'''''
| '''''$43,475,000'''''
|-
| '''''Grand Total'''''
| '''''$115,500,000'''''
| '''''$100,315,000'''''
| '''''$215,815,000'''''
|}

<sup>1</sup>Primarily bagworm, cutworms, corn earworms, loopers, azalea caterpillars, tent caterpillars, webworms, and leaf rollers. 

<sup>2</sup>Primarily leaf beetles, Japanese weevils, Fuller Rose weevils, Japanese beetles, whitefringed beetles, and borers. 

<sup>3</sup>Includes grasshoppers, fungus gnats, millipedes, sowbugs, psocids, springtails, ants, earwigs, and leafminers. 

<sup>4</sup>Sodwebworms, armyworms, cutworms. 

<sup>5</sup>Ants (fire ants are included in a separate report), billbugs, leafhoppers, bermudagrass mites and stunt mites.  

==Pasture and Forage Insects==

W. Hudson, D. Buntin and W. Gardner 

Acreages of forage and pasture crops have declined in recent years to about 1.3 million acres of grass pastures and over 700,000 acres of grass hay pastures in 2004. Although losses per acre generally are low and treatment thresholds are large, this extensive acreage produces large combined losses for forage and pasture insects in Georgia. Losses are greater for hay than pastures because hay crops have greater yield potential and market value. 

The number one pest of perennial grass forages, primarily bermudagrass, was mole crickets. Mole crickets damaged grass pastures in southern Georgia, especially in the Flatwoods region, sometimes requiring replanting. Mole cricket damage has declined in some fields in counties where the parasitic nematode ''Steinernema scapterisci'' has been released. The white grub complex, mostly ''Phyllophaga'' spp., ''Cyclocephala'' sp. and Green June beetle larvae, caused damage in some fields. Green June beetle larvae were particularly damaging to fescue pastures in northern Georgia. Fall armyworm, 2-lined spittlebug, and leafhoppers/planthoppers caused damage in some fields. 

Alfalfa acreage in Georgia was about 30,000 acres in 2004. The alfalfa weevil was the number one pest of alfalfa with many fields being treated to control this insect. 

'''Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
|
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| colspan="5" | Rank

RASS AY PASTURES
|-
| G

1
| H

ole crickets
| $ 0
| $3,750,000
| $3,750,000
|-
| 2
| M

hite grubs
| 400,000
| 840,000
| 1,240,000
|-
| 3
| W

all armyworm
| 40,000
| 42,000
| 82,000
|-
| 4
| F

-lined spittlebug
| 35,000
| 53,700
| 88,700
|-
| 5
| 2

eafhoppers/planthoppers
| 0
| 30,000
| 30,000
|-
|
| L

'''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$475,000'''''
| '''''$4,715,700'''''
| '''''$5,190,700'''''
|-
| colspan="5" | RASS ASTURES
|-
| G

1
| P

ole crickets
| $ 0
| $2,062,500
| $2,062,500
|-
| 2
| M

hite grubs
| 750,000
| 473,000
| 1,223,000
|-
| 3
| W

all armyworm
| 250,000
| 82,500
| 332,500
|-
| 4
| F

-lines spittlebug
| 84,000
| 47,000
| 131,000
|-
| 5
| 2

eafhoppers/planthoppers
| 70,000
| 33,000
| 103,000
|-
|
| L

'''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$1,154,000'''''
| '''''$2,698,000'''''
| '''''$3,852,000'''''
|-
| colspan="5" | LFALFA
|-
| A

1
| lfalfa weevil
| $ 98,000
| $ 249,000
| $ 347,000
|-
| 2
| A

otato leafhopper
| 0
| 36,000
| 36,000
|-
|
| P

'''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$ 98,000'''''
| '''''$ 285,000'''''
| '''''$ 383,000'''''
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$1,727,000'''''
| '''''$7,698,700'''''
| '''''$9,425,700'''''
|} '''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Pasture and Forage Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004. '''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect 
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. of Acres Applic.
| Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Ton Loss on Units Treated 
| Tons Loss on Units Untreated
|-
| colspan="7" | GRASS HAY PASTURES
|-
| Mole crickets
| 150,000
|
|
| N/A
| 0
| 62,500
|-
| White grubs
| 60,000
| 40,000
| 1
| 10.00
| 4,000
| 10,000
|-
| Fall armyworm
| 10,000
| 4,000
| 1
| 10.00
| 100
| 600
|-
| Spittlebug
| 10,000
| 5,000
| 1
| 7.00
| 62
| 833
|-
| Leafhoppers/ planthoppers
| 4,000
| 0
| 0
| N/A
|
| 500
|-
| colspan="7" | GRASS PASTURES
|-
| Mole crickets
| 150,000
| 0
|
| 12.00
| 0
| 37,500
|-
| White grubs
| 100,000
| 75,000
| 1
| 10.00
| 3,000
| 5,600
|-
| Fall armyworm
| 50,000
| 25,000
| 1
| 10.00
| 250
| 1,250
|-
| Spittlebug
| 24,000
| 12,000
| 1
| 7.00
| 186
| 769
|-
| Hoppers
| 20,000
| 10,000
| 1
| 7.00
| 100
| 500
|-
| colspan="7" | ALFALFA HAY
|-
| Alfalfa weevil
| 15,000
| 14,000
| 1
| 7.00
| 1,120
| 800
|-
| Potato leafhopper
| 1,500
| 0
| 0
| N/A
| 0
| 300
|}

NOTE: Hay crops consisted of 600,000 acres of grasses (hybrid bermudagrass 75%; tall fescue 20%; and other grasses 5%), with an average yield of 2.5 tons per acre. Alfalfa acreage was 30,000 acres with an average yield of 3.5 tons per acre. Grass and clover hay were valued at $60 per ton and alfalfa hay was worth $130 per ton. Permanent pasture consisted of 500,000 acres of bahiagrass and 800,000 acres of fescue, fescue/clover mixtures and fescue/common bermudagrass. Average yield was estimated at 1.0 ton per acre with a value of $55 per ton. An additional 400,000 acres of temporary pasture (mostly small grains and sorghum) was grazed. There was 150,000 acres of sorghum, and millet silage was harvested. Silage and temporary pasture crops were included as pasture grasses. 

<sup>1</sup> Application cost not included.  

==Peach Insects==

D. Horton, J. Dutcher, UGA, Entomology and 

T. Cottrell, Research Entomologist, USDA-ARS SE Fruit & Tree Nut Laboratory 

Georgia=s 2004 peach crop was valued at $36,307,471 from 17,109 bearing acres*. Peach insect IPM is in a difficult, transitional state, as growers and IPM practitioners adapt to the long-term impacts of using safer, but less effective, materials. Control of fruit attacking insects was acceptable. Lesser peachtree borer (LPTB) injury continued to escalate. LPTB has established itself as a key cause of premature tree mortality in many southeastern orchards. Peachtree borer (PTB) injury has also become more prominent. 

Escalating LPTB injury prompted greater overall insecticide use. In the late 1990s growers began gradually reducing insecticide use during periods of lower plum curculio pressure. Many accepted modestly increased risks from occasionally flawed control of fruit pests to reduce costs and enhance margins of safety for laborers engaged in necessary hand thinning of fruit. The advent of widespread LPTB injury in GA and SC forced a return to more insecticide-intensive approaches. The IPM mind set of reduced spraying was pushed aside to optimize in-season suppression of LPTB via rigorous cover spray programs. Rising insecticide costs encouraged greater utilization of pyrethroids. These materials provided slight improvement in control of stink bugs and oriental fruit moth. As with all classes, the pyrethroids have their weaknesses. They are marginal plum curculio materials, and their use exacerbates mite and scale problems. 

Phosmet remains the key in-season peach insecticide. Azinphos methyl, little used for many years in southeastern peach IPM, surfaced as a tool for achieving greater in-season suppression of LPTB. Typical programs applied the organophosphates phosmet four to seven times and azinphos methyl once. These key sprays were augmented by up to three pyrethroid applications, and occasional as-needed pre-harvest sprays primarily with carbaryl. An in-season peach label is needed for a low-risk insecticide which at least suppresses LPTB while providing good broad spectrum efficacy. More specific needs include an in-season label for diflubenzuron to improve grasshopper control, and a broad-spectrum, low-risk insecticide for application just before harvest for control of green June beetles and other at-harvest opportunists. 

Scale control provided by annual dormant oil(s) was consistently good to excellent. In blocks with severe, problematic scale infestations, the low-risk IGR pyriproxyfen (Knack or Esteem) provided very effective, but expensive, triage control. Mites, which had traditionally been almost inconsequential in southeastern peach production, have escalated in importance. By 2004 mite infestations required treatment in a few blocks every year. 

In 2004 LPTB continued to infest progressively younger orchards. PTB infestations are also increasing, though at a much slower rate. Life-of-the-orchard loss projections for LPTB are in the 20 to 30% range. Modest, but helpful, levels of LPTB control are seen where growers are making 1 or 2 additional post-harvest chlorpyrifos applications (GA 24C label). Mating disruption research shows encouraging evidence of reduced LPTB infestations by the second year of implementation, though the pheromone rate requirement in southeastern peaches for heavily infested orchards is up to 4x the rates used in the upper Mid-West. LPTB mating disruption simultaneously provides excellent PTB control. 

________________________________ 

*Georgia Farm Gate Value Report. Boatright, S. and J. McKissick. 2005. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Area Report, AR-04-01, 2005.  '''Estimated of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Fruit attacking pests
| $1,911,650
| $425,000
| $2,336,650
|-
| 2
| Lesser peachtree borer
| 160,000
| 1,750,000
| 1,910,000
|-
| 3
| Scale
| 300,000
| 400,000
| 700,000
|-
| 4
| Peachtree borer
| 160,000
| 400,000
| 560,000
|-
| 5
| Leafhoppers
| 0
| 199,600
| 199,600
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$2,531,650'''''
| '''''$3,174,600'''''
| '''''$5,706,250'''''
|}

'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Peach Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. of Applic.
| Application Cost Per Acre
| Yield Loss ($) on Treated Acres
| Yield Loss on Untreated Acres
|-
| Fruit attacking pests (plant & stink bugs, plum curculio, oriental fruit moth)
| 17,000
| 17,000
| 9
| $112.45
| $25.00
| 0
|-
| Lesser peachtree borer
| 20,000
| 10,000
| 2
| 16.00
| 75.00
| 100.00
|-
| Scale
| 20,000
| 20,000
| 1.5
| 15.00
| 20.00
| 0
|-
| Peachtree Borers
| 20,000
| 20,000
| 1
| 8.00
| 20.00
| 0
|} 

==Peanut Insects== 

S. Brown 

In 2004, peanut yields averaged 3000 lbs/A on 610,000 harvested acres. Total production was 1.83 billion pounds down 2% from 1.863 billion pounds in 2003. Prices received by farmers averaged $0.19 up 1.6% from $0.187 in 2003. 

Good summer rainfall resulted in good yields for the second year in a row. However, heavy thrips pressure resulted in increased spotted wilt loses compared to 2003, and yields failed to compete with the record from the previous year. Foliage feeding caterpillars continued to be a sporadic but serious problem requiring more sprays than usual. Pyrethroid failures on velvetbean caterpillar occurred in numerous fields in Seminole, Early and Miller counties. Granulate cutworms were also difficult to control with pyrethroids except at the highest labeled rates. Leafhoppers and three-cornered alfalfa hoppers also continued their trend to increase in prominence as a pest of peanut. Soil insects were generally light except for sporadic problems with southern corn rootworm on the heavier soils in western Georgia. 

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Lesser cornstalk borer
| $1,200,000
| $285,000
| $1,485,000
|-
| 2
| Spider mites
| 70,000
| 570,000
| 640,000
|-
| 3
| Thrips
| 5,225,000
| 1,187,500
| 6,412,500
|-
| 4
| 3-cornered alfalfa hoppers
| 62,500
| 1,092,500
| 1,155,000
|-
| 5
| Leafhopper
| 100,000
| 959,500
| 1,059,500
|-
| 6
| Wireworms
| 1,000,000
| 2,232,500
| 3,232,500
|-
| 7
| Velvetbean caterpillar
| 600,000
| 992,750
| 1,592,750
|-
| 8
| Foliage feeder complex
| 360,000
| 95,000
| 455,000
|-
| 9
| Southern corn rootworm
| 600,000
| 760,000
| 1,360,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$9,217,500'''''
| '''''$8,174,750'''''
| '''''$17,392,250'''''
|} Information Pertaining to Control of Major Peanut Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004. 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Units Treated
| No. of Unit Applic.
| Avg. Cost per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Treated<sup>2</sup> (Avg/A) 
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated<sup>2</sup>

(Avg/A) 
|-
| Lesser cornstalk borer
| 40,000
| 60,000
| 1.0
| 20.00
| 0
| 2,000,000

(175)
|-
| Thrips<sup>3</sup>
| 480,000 
| 550,000
| 1.0
| 9.50
| 0
| 6,250,000

(250)
|-
| 3-cornered alfalfa hoppers
| 60,000
| 10,000
| 1.0
| 6.25
| 250,000
| 5,500,000

(150)
|-
| Spider mites
| 10,000
| 5,000
| 1.0
| 14.00
| 500,000

(100)
| 2,500,000

(500)
|-
| Leafhopper
| 40,000
| 20,000
| 1.0
| 5.00
| 800,000

(40)
| 4,250,000

(80)
|-
| Velvetbean caterpillar
| 80,000
| 120,000
| 1.0
| 5.00
| 2,600,000
| 2,625,000

(200)
|-
| Wireworms
| 80,000
| 50,000
| 1.0
| 20.00
| 750,000

(30)
| 11,000,000

(300)
|-
| Foliage feeder complex*
| 40,000
| 60,000
| 1.5
| 6.00
| 0
| 500,000

(100)
|-
| Southern corn rootworm
| 40,000
| 30,000
| 1.0
| 20.00
| 1,500,000
| 2,500,000
|}

<sup>1</sup>Includes application costs. 

<sup>2</sup>Yield units measured in pounds. 

<sup>3</sup>Losses due to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) are not included. 

*BAW, FAW, etc.  

==Pecan Insects==

W. Hudson and J. Dutcher 

Georgia=s pecan production was 40 million pounds in 2004. Very dry spring weather followed by regular rains in the summer produced a crop that was better and cleaner than the previous year. Two hurricanes and a tropical storm in September reduced yield by 25-50%, but also affected other states in the pecan growing region. The net result was a smaller crop but significantly higher prices. Overall value of the crop was $69.2 million, virtually the same as 2003. 

Losses to pecan pests were similar to 2003, mostly due to higher prices for the nuts. Summer rains helped suppress aphid populations for most of the season, reducing costs. Hickory shuckworm and pecan nut casebearer were controlled very effectively, and newer products were available at lower prices, reducing costs there as well. Mite problems were up some over previous years, but late-season weather made fall treatments unnecessary for most growers. 

'''Estimate of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| nsect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| I

ecan weevil
| $4,050,000
| $ 5,130,810
| $9,180,810
|-
| 2
| P

lack pecan aphids
| 1,500,000
| 3,733,020
| 5,233,020
|-
| 3
| B

ellow aphids<sup>1,2</sup>
| 799,800 
| 191,487
| 991,287
|-
| 4
| Y

ickory shuckworm
| 650,000
| 1,093,360
| 1,743,360
|-
| 5
| H

ites<sup>3</sup>
| 960,000 
| 439,000
| 1,399,000
|-
| 6
| M

ecan nut casebearer
| 422,500
| 244,968
| 667,468
|-
| 7
| P

pittlebugs
| 133,300
| 31,760
| 165,060
|-
| 8
| S

Kernel feeding emipterans
| 225,000
| 344,600
| 569,600
|-
| 9
| h

thers<sup>4</sup>
| 300,000 
| 223,500
| 523,500
|-
|
| O

'''''Total'''''
| '''''$9,040,600'''''
| '''''$11,432,505'''''
| '''''$20,473,105'''''
|}

<sup>1</sup>AYellow aphids@ include the yellow pecan aphid and the blackmargined aphid. 

<sup>2</sup>The cost of control of yellow aphids includes $60 per acre for application of aldicarb or imidacloprid on 20,000 

acres and $10 per acre for foliar sprays on 105,000 acres. 

<sup>3</sup>AMites@ refers primarily to the pecan leaf scorch mite. 

<sup>4</sup>AOthers@ include the pecan bud moth, casebearers, leaf miners, fall webworm, phylloxeras, walnut caterpillar, 

boring insects, ''Prionus'' spp., hickory nut curculio, and hickory shoot curculio.  '''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Pecan Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004.''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect 
| No. Units Needing Control
| No. Units Treated
| No. of Unit Applic.<sup>1</sup>
| Avg. Cost Per Units Treated 
| Yield Loss on Units Treated<sup>2</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated<sup>3</sup>
|-
| Pecan weevil 
| 113,000
| 90,000
| 3.0
| $15.00
| 544,320
| 2,434,860
|-
| Black pecan aphids
| 125,000
| 100,000
| 1.5
| 10.00
| 1,566,000
| 601,560
|-
| Hickory Shuckworm
| 75,000
| 50,000
| 2.0
| 6.50
| 108,000
| 233,280
|-
| Yellow pecan aphids<sup>4</sup>
| 25,000 
| 40,000
| 1.5
| 13.33
| 59,620
| 51,570
|-
| Mites<sup>5</sup>
| 30,000 
| 40,000
| 1.5
| 16.00
| 199,800
| 54,000
|-
| Pecan nut casebearer
| 50,000
| 65,000
| 1.0
| 6.50
| 141,600
| 0
|-
| Spittlebugs
| 15,000
| 10,000
| 1.0
| 13.33
| 0
| 18,360
|-
| Kernel feeding hemipterans<sup>6</sup>
| 30,000 
| 25,000
| 1.0
| 9.00
| 142,200
| 57,000
|-
| Others<sup>7</sup>
| 30,000 
| 25,000
| 1.0
| 12.00
| 52,800
| 76,400
|}

<sup>1</sup>Some applications control more than one pest and the number of applications indicated were not made in all 

orchards. 

<sup>2</sup>Excluding application costs. 

<sup>3</sup>Yield units measured in pounds. 

<sup>4</sup>AYellow aphids@ include the yellow pecan aphid and the blackmargined aphid. 

<sup>5</sup>AMites@ refers to primarily to the pecan leaf scorch mite. 

<sup>6</sup>Akernel feeding hemipteran@ include the southern green stink bug, the brown stink bug, the leaffooted bug and 

others 

<sup>7</sup>AOthers@ include the pecan bud moth, pecan leaf casebearer, leaf miners, fall webworm, walnut caterpillar, 

phylloxeras, boring insects, ''Prionus'' spp., hickory nut curculio, and hickory shoot curculio.  

==Public Health and Recreational Area Insects==

E. Gray 

In 2004, mosquitoes continued to be the most important and expensive public health insects to control. Mosquito control and surveillance continues to receive more emphasis as a result of continued WNV awareness. However, funding at the state=s 12 largest programs has stabilized, while funding for smaller mosquito control programs continues to increase gradually. Surveillance for all types of mosquito borne encephalitis has been greatly expanded and the Georgia Department of Human Resources continues to provide leadership in this area. In 2004, there were 22 confirmed human cases of West Nile virus with no deaths. Mosquito surveillance data continues to indicate that the Southern House mosquito, ''Culex quinquefasciatus ''appears to be our primary vector of WNV in Georgia. This species prefers to breed in polluted waters contaminated with organic matter and is often found in the storm drains in cities and towns. Heavy rains from an active hurricane season likely suppressed these populations by flushing the storm drain systems on a regular basis in late August and most of September when peak WNV transmission usually occurs. 

In general, mosquito numbers were normal throughout most of the season. Heavy rains from several hurricanes affected populations at the end of the summer. Floodwater species like the Shaggy-Legged Gallinipper, ''Psorophora ciliata'', were more common, particularly in the lower portions of the state, and inspired many questions about this large and sometimes aggressive species. Fortunately though, no cases of cases of eastern equine encephalitis or St. Louis encephalitis were reported. An area of concern is with LaCrosse encephalitis. Five cases were reported and there are indications that ''Aedes albopictus'' is becoming more involved in transmission of this particularly serious childhood illness. Imported malaria continues to be relatively common with 61 cases being reported. 

Houseflies also continue to be significant pests with the primary concerns being garbage management and exclusion aspects. Ticks, primarily lone star ticks, American dog ticks and blacklegged ticks were present in many sections of the state. Their bite and their ability to serve as vectors of Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) made them important public health arthropods. There were 13 cases of Lyme disease in 2004, up from 10 cases in 2003 and the 5 cases in 2002. One case was reported in 2001 and none in 2000. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever continues to be the most common tick borne disease in the state with 73 cases reported in 2004 and 65 cases reported in 2003. This figure represents an increase from the 20 cases in 2002, 9 cases in 2001 and 19 cases in 2000. (Data on vector borne disease provided by the Office of Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Georgia Department of Human Resources). 

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
|-
| 1
| Mosquitoes
| $125,240,156
|-
| 2
| Flies (non-biting)
| 49,685,499
|-
| 3
| Others<sup>1</sup>
| 23,710,528
|-
| 4
| Ticks and Chiggers
| 11,893,095
|-
| 5
| Headlice
| 6,534,552
|-
| 6
| Yellow Jackets
| 4,610,831
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$221,674,661'''''
|} Summary of Insect Control and Losses Estimates 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| Item
| Cost
|-
| Flies
| window screens

screened doors

aerosol sprays

garbage removal

garbage dumpsters

garbage cans

fly swatters
| $ 5,907,127

13,126,948

10,501,558

16,408,685

164,087

1,640,869

1,936,225
|-
|
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$49,685,499'''''
|-
|
|
|
|-
| Mosquitoes
| window screens

screened doors

aerosol sprays

repellents

abatement programs

heartworm prevention & treatment

hospitalization

doctor fees

druggist fees
| $ 5,907,127

13,126,948

10,501,558

11,486,080

8,829,806

74,290,000

244,000

815,720

38,917
|-
|
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$125,240,156'''''
|-
|
|
|
|-
| Other
| window screens

screened doors

aerosol sprays

repellents

doctor fees

druggist fees
| $ 2,215,173

4,922,606

3,938,084

11,486,080

984,510

164,085
|-
|
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$23,710,528'''''
|-
|
|
|
|-
| Head Lice
| doctor fees

druggist fees
| $2,658,123

3,876,429
|-
|
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$6,534,552'''''
|-
|
|
|
|-
| Ticks and Chiggers
| repellents

doctor fees

druggist fees

hospitalization

acaracides (residential)

acaracides (organizations)
| $9,845,211

34,400

8,600

344,000

1,640,884

20,000
|-
|
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$11,893,095'''''
|-
| Yellow Jackets
| window screens

screened doors

aerosol sprays

doctor fees

druggist fees
| $738,391

1,640,869

1,312,695

787,608

131,268
|-
|
| '''''Subtotal'''''
| '''''$4,610,831'''''
|-
|
| '''''TOTAL'''''
| '''''$221,674,661'''''
|}

'''Cost of Control Estimates''' 

Mosquitoes - 40%, Flies - 40%, Eye gnats - 5% 

Yellow Jackets - 5%, Others<sup>1,2</sup> - 10% 

1. <u>Window screens</u> - 10 screens/residence 

x $12.00/screen = $120/residence 

x 3,281,737<sup>3</sup> residences = 393,810,000. 

20 year life/screen = $19,690,422/year 

x 75% who have window screens ''$14,767,817 ''

2. Screened doors - 2 screened doors/residence 

x $100/screened door = $200/residence 

x 3,281,737 residences = 656,347,400. 

15 year life span/screened door = 43,756,493/ 

year x 75% who have screened doors ''$32,817,370'' 

3. Aerosol sprays - 2-15 oz. aerosol insecticide 

spray can/residence. $4/can x 2 can x 3,281,737 

residences = 26,253,846 ''$26,253,896'' 

'''''Subtotal $73,839,083''''' 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 

Mosquitoes - 35%, Ticks and Chiggers - 30%, 

Eye gnats - 25%, Others<sup>1</sup> - 10% 

4. Repellents - 2-15 oz. aerosol spray can/residence. 

$5/can x 2 x 3,281,737 residences = $32,817,370 ''$32,817,370'' 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 

Mosquitoes - 100% 

5. <u>Mosquito Abatement Program</u>

(a) Twelve major programs (Bibb, Camden, Chatham, 

Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Dougherty, Fulton 

Glynn, Liberty, Muscogee and Richmond Counties) ''$5,897,070'' 

(b) About 128 county/city programs @ approximately $22,912/ 

program ''$2,932,736''  6. Doctor fees - 61 imported malaria cases 

$400<sup>5</sup>/case x 61 cases = $24,000 ''$24,000'' 

7. Hospitalization - $4,000<sup>5</sup>/case x 61 cases = $244,000 ''$244,000'' 

8. Druggist Fees - $100<sup>5</sup>/case x 61 = $6,100 ''$6,100'' 

8a. West Nile Encephalitis - average inpatient medical costs<sup>7</sup> = 

$17,219/case x 22 cases = $378,818 ''$378,818'' 

8b. LaCrosse Encephalitis - average impatient medical costs<sup>8</sup> = 

$48,000/case x 5 cases = $240,000 ''$240,000'' 

8c. Heartworm prevention in pets ''$60,000,000'' 

8d. Treating pets with heartworm ''$14,290,000'' 

'''''Subtotal $84,013,124''''' 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 

Flies - 100% 

9. Garbage removal - $50/residence/year x 3,281,737 

residences = $164,090,000 x 10% (portion attributed 

to insect control) = $15,000,000/year ''$16,408,685'' 

10. Garbage disposal units (dumpsters - county, commercial 

and industrial) - $500/unit; 1 unit/100 residences. 

32,817 units x $500 x 10% (portion attributed to 

insect control) = $1,640,869. 10 year life span/ 

unit = $164,087 ''$164,087'' 

11. Garbage cans (residential) - 2/residence = $15/can x 2 

x 3,000,000 residences = $98,452,110 x 10% (portion 

attributed to insect control) = $9,845,211. 6 year 

life span/can = $1,640,869 ''$1,640,869'' 

12. Fly swatters - 1 fly swatter/residence $0.59/fly swatter 

x 1 x 3,000,000 residences = $1,770,000 ''$1,936,225'' 

'''''Subtotal $20,149,866''''' 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 

Ticks and Chiggers - 100% 

13. Acaracides (residential) - of 3,281,767 residences, 

estimated 5% purchase $10.00 acaracide for 

tick control in yards ''$1,640,884'' 

14. Acaracides (public and private organizations) ''$20,000'' 

15. Doctor fees - 73 RMSF cases and 13 Lyme case 

$400<sup>5</sup>/case x 86 cases = $34,400 ''$34,400'' 

16. Hospitalization - $4,000<sup>5</sup>/case x 86 cases 

= $344,000 ''$344,000''  17. Druggist fees - $100<sup>6</sup>/case x 86 cases = $8,600 ''$8,600'' 

'''''Subtotal $2,047,884''''' 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 

Yellow jackets - 40%, Others<sup>1</sup> - 49%, Eye gnats - 1%, 

Mosquitoes - 10% 

18. Doctor fees (bites and stings) 1 visit/100 

residences at $60/visit = 32,817 residences 

x $60/visit = $1,969,020 ''$1,969,020'' 

19. Druggist fees - 1 visit/100 residences at 

$10/visit = 32,817 residences x $10 = $328,170 ''$328,170'' 

'''''Subtotal $2,297,190''''' 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 

Head lice - 100% 

20. Doctor fees - 3% of 1,476,735<sup>6</sup> school children 

in ages 5-17 = 44,302 x $60/visit = $2,658,123 ''$2,658,123'' 

21. Druggist fees - pediculicides for head lice - 

$17.50/pediculicide x 1,476,735<sup>6</sup> school 

children in ages 5-17 15% estimated 

infestation = $3,876,429 ''$3,876,429'' 

'''''Subtotal $6,534,552''''' 

<sup>1</sup>"Others include eye gnats, spiders, biting flies, bees and other stinging insects (other than yellow jackets). 

<sup>2</sup>Estimated percent importance insect has to control. 

<sup>3</sup>Estimate of number households, Georgia 2000 Information System, UGA. 

<sup>4</sup>Based on survey for mosquito control programs by Cooperative Extension Service 2005. 

<sup>5</sup>Based on New York State Department of Health report of over $4,000 hospital cost/care of Lyme disease 

reported by CDC, Lyme Disease Surveillance, Volume 4, Number 2, March 1993. 

<sup>6</sup>Based on 2000 Georgia County Guide, Cooperative Extension Service 

<sup>7</sup>CDC National WNV Conference 2003 

<sup>8</sup>Public Health Confronts the Mosquito: Developing Sustainable State and Local Mosquito Control Programs, A 

Project of the Association of State and Local Territorial Health Officials, 2005.  

==Small Grain Insects==

D. Buntin and J. All 

Winter small grain crops in Georgia include wheat, rye, oats and barley. Planted acreage of wheat was 330,000 but harvested acreage was 190,000 in 2004, which was a 17% reduction from 2003. Yields averaged 46 bushels per acre with an average price of $3.45 per bushel. A total of 250,000 acres of rye and 90,000 acres of oats were planted. Rye was harvested for grain from 25,000 acres with an average yield of 24 bushels per acre and a price of $4.00 per bushel. Oats were harvested for grain from 25,000 acres with an average yield of 55 bushels per acre and a price of $1.70 per bushel. Barley acreage is very limited in Georgia. 

The 2003/2004 growing season was cool and wet. Rain at harvest time reduces the amount and quality of harvested grain. Cost estimates and damage are mostly for the wheat crop. Hessian fly caused losses in some susceptible varieties in southern Georgia. Warm weather in the fall and early winter promoted large aphid infestations, which caused transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus in some fields. Cereal leaf beetle populations continue to spread and increase in severity in the upper coastal plain region. Hessian fly is not a problem on rye or oats, and rye is not severely affected by barley yellow dwarf. Some fields were treated for stink bugs to prevent movement of these insects to adjacent crops. However, stink bug numbers almost always are too low to cause significant direct damage to wheat. A large outbreak of true armyworm occurred in spring of 2001, but armyworm numbers were low in 2004. 

'''Estimated Losses and Control Costs in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank 
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Aphids
| $114,000
| $362,000
| $ 476,000
|-
| 2
| Hessian fly
| 53,000
| 181,000
| 234,000
|-
| 3
| Cereal leaf beetle
| 95,000
| 151,000
| 246,000
|-
| 4
| Stink bugs
| 24,000
| 0
| 24,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$309,000'''''
| '''''$884,000'''''
| '''''$1,193,000'''''
|}

'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Small Grain Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004''' 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect 
| No. Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. Acres Applic.
| Avg. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Treated 
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated
|-
| Aphids
| 38,000
| 19,000
| 1
| 6.00
| 17,000
| 105,000
|-
| Hessian fly
| 15,000
| 8,000
| 1
| 10.00
| 0
| 52,000
|-
| Cereal leaf beetle
| 29,000
| 19,000
| 1
| 5.00
|
| 44,000
|-
| Stink bug
| 0
| 4,000
| 1
| 6.00
|
| 0
|}

<sup>1</sup> Application cost not included.  

==Soybean Insects==
R.M. McPherson

Soybeans were harvested from 180,000 acres in 2003, up 40,000 acres from the previous year. Georgia=s average yield in 2003 was a state record high of 33 bushels per acre, up 11.1 bushels from the 2002 production. Soybean prices were up, averaging 7.25 per bushel, making the value of the crop $43.1 million, up $26.7 million from the 2002 production.*

Stink bugs (primarily southern green, but also some brown, green and other species) were the number one pest in Georgia soybeans in 2003. Heaviest infestations were in the southeastern and southern parts of the state. Total losses due to this pest were over $1.8 million in 2003, up over $700,000 from 2002. Control was good at most locations, but treatments were applied late, or not at all, in some fields that were heavily infested late in the season.

Velvetbean caterpillar losses were up some in 2003, costing growers over $1.1 million, making this the number two pest. Caterpillar populations were later than usual and thus damage was not as severe as expected. Insecticide control was very good for this pest.

Soybean looper populations, and the resulting losses, continued to be low in 2003. Total loss due to this pest was almost $0.5 million, mostly due to cost of controls. Corn earworm losses were also relatively low in 2003, totaling $115,000, up slightly from the 2002 loss estimates.

All other insect pests accounted for $284,000 in losses in 2003. Most of these losses were due to lesser corn stalk borers, threecornered alfafa hoppers, whiteflies, beet armyworms, leaf beetles, Mexican been beetle (in Northern Georgia), and Japanese beetles (north Georgia). Most of these pests were in localized or isolated areas. About $180,000 of the estimated loss to other insect pests was due to preplant applications of Lorsban for lesser corn stalk borer control, and most of this cost was not needed because of low pest populations due to moist growing conditions.

Soybean aphids were detected in Union County, Georgia in 2002, and in Union and Hall

Counties in 2003. Although this invasive soybean pest (from China) is causing serious damage and control problems in some midwestern states, populations on soybeans in northern Georgia have been low and no losses have been reported to date. '''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs for Soybean Insect pests in 2004'''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Stink bugs<sup>1</sup>
| $1,949,000 
| $518,000
| $2,467,000
|-
| 2
| Velvetbean caterpillar
| 837,000
| 243,000
| 1,080,000
|-
| 3
| Soybean looper
| 374,000
| 122,000
| 496,000
|-
| 4
| Other<sup>2</sup>
| 69,000 
| 44,000
| 113,000
|-
| 5
| Corn earworm
| 71,000
| 22,000
| 93,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$3,300,000'''''
| '''''$949,000'''''
| '''''$4,249,000'''''
|}

<sup>1</sup>Includes the southern green, green and brown stink bugs. 

<sup>2</sup>Others include threecornered alfalfa hoppers, whiteflies, beet armyworms, leaf beetles, and 

Mexican bean beetles.

'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Soybean Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004'''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| No.

Acres Needing Control
| No. Acres Treated
| No. of Acre Appl.
| Ave. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Treated<sup>2</sup>
| Yield Loss on Units Untreated<sup>2</sup>
|-
| Stink bugs<sup>3</sup>
| 162,000 
| 148,500
| 1.25
| $10.50
| 50,639
| 41,850
|-
| Velvetbean caterpillar
| 121,500
| 108,000
| 1.0
| 7.75
| 10,044
| 33,480
|-
| Soybean looper
| 54,000
| 32,400
| 1.1
| 10.50
| 3,013
| 18,833
|-
| Other<sup>4</sup>
| 10,800 
| 8,100
| 1.0
| 8.50
| 1,256
| 6,696
|-
| Corn earworm
| 9,450
| 8,100
| 1.0
| 8.75
| 828
| 3,139
|}

<sup>1</sup>Includes application costs. 

<sup>2</sup>Yield units measured in bushels. 

<sup>3</sup>Includes the southern green, green and brown stink bugs. 

<sup>4</sup>Others include threecornered alfalfa hoppers, whiteflies, beet armyworms, leaf beetles, and 

Mexican bean beetles. '''XIX. Strawberry Insects'''

D. Horton

Georgia=s 2004 strawberry crop was valued at $3,915,000 from 258 acres*. Mites were the most significant arthropod pests. Controls for insects and mites were generally good.

__________________________________

*2005 Georgia Farm Gate Fruit and Nuts Report. Boatright, S.R. and J.C. McKissick. 2005. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Special Report, SR 05-04, July 2005.

'''Estimates of Losses and Control Costs'''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Rank
| Insect
| Cost of Control
| Damage
| Total
|-
| 1
| Mites
| $11,240
| $22,480
| $33,720
|-
| 2
| Caterpillars, plant & stink bugs
| 3,000
| 9,000
| 12,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
| '''''$14,240'''''
| '''''$31,480'''''
| '''''$45,720'''''
|}

'''Information Pertaining to Control of Strawberry Insects in Georgia in 2004'''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
| Insect
| No. of Acres Needing Control
| No. of Acres Treated
| No. of Applic.
| Application Cost Per Acre
| Yield Loss on Treated Acres
| Yield Loss on Untreated Acres
|-
| Mites
| 129
| 97
| 1
| $80.00
| $152.00
| 607
|-
| Caterpillars. plant & stink bugs
| 129
| 150
| 1
| 40.00
| 60.00
| 0
|} 

==Tobacco Insects==
''Author: R.M. McPherson''

Tobacco was harvested from 24,000 acres in 2004, down 5000 acres from 2003 figures. Georgia=s average yield was 1950 pounds per acre. The average price received in 2004 was $185.00 per cwt, making the value of the crop $86.6 million.

The tobacco budworm was the number one insect pest on flue-cured tobacco in Georgia, with total losses exceeding $1.7 million due to control costs and damage. This was down some from 2003, when this pest caused over $2.0 million in losses. More of the losses in 2004 were due to damage rather than to costs of control.

Tobacco hornworms were the second ranked insect pest in 2004, costing producers nearly $0.9 million. Thrips were the third most economically damaging pest, costing Georgia producers over $0.8 million. All of these reported losses were due to control costs. However, over $17.3 million were reported lost due to tomato spotted wilt virus, a disease that is vectored by certain thrips species (from 2004 Georgia Research-Extension Report).

Wireworms and mole crickets were the fourth and fifth most damaging tobacco pests, totaling nearly $0.7 and $0.4 million, respectively. All other pests accounted for $156,000 in losses in 2004. These other pests were primarily splitworms, aphids, flea beetles, stink bugs, armyworms, cutworms, whitefringed beetles, and grasshoppers.

<center>'''Estimate of Losses and Control Costs for Tobacco Insect pests in 2004.'''<ref>Georgia Farm Report Vol 04 (12).</ref></center>
{| align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Rank
! Insect
! Cost of Control
! Damage
! Total
|-
!1
| Tobacco budworms
|align="right"| $825,000
|align="right"| $974,000
|align="right"| $1,799,000
|-
! 2
| Tobacco hornworms
|align="right"| $186,000
|align="right"| $693,000
|align="right"| $879,000
|-
! 3
| Thrips
|align="right"| $866,000
|align="right"| $0<sup>1</sup>
|align="right"| $866,000 
|-
! 4
| Wireworms
|align="right"| $430,000
|align="right"| $260,000
|align="right"| $690,000
|-
! 5
| Mole crickets
|align="right"| $154,000
|align="right"| $216,000
|align="right"| $370,000
|-
! 6
| Other pests<sup>2</sup>
|align="right"| $69,000 
|align="right"| $87,000
|align="right"| $156,000
|-
|
| '''''Total'''''
|align="right"| '''''$2,530,000'''''
|align="right"| '''''$2,230,000'''''
|align="right"| '''''$4,760,000'''''
|-
|colspan="5"|
<small><sup>1</sup>Does not include losses due to spotted wilt virus ($17.37 million in 2004). 

<sup>2</sup>Others include splitworms, aphids, flea beetles, stink bugs, grasshoppers, cutworms, 
armyworms, and whitefringed beetles.</small>
|}
 


<center>'''Information Pertaining to Control of Major Tobacco Insect Pests in Georgia in 2004'''</center>
{| align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Insect
! No.Acres Needing Control
! No. Acres Treated
! No. of Acre Appl.
! Ave. Cost Per Unit Treated<sup>1</sup>
! Yield Loss on Units Treated<sup>2</sup>
! Yield Loss on Units Untreated<sup>2</sup>
|-
| Tobacco budworms 
|align="right"| 21,600
|align="right"| 22,800
|align="right"| 3.0
|align="right"| $12.50
|align="right"| 526,000
|align="right"| 0
|-
| Thrips
|align="right"| 22,800
|align="right"| 22,800
|align="right"| 1.25
|align="right"| $30.38
|align="right"| 0
|align="right"| 0
|-
| Tobacco hornworms
|align="right"| 16,800
|align="right"| 15,600
|align="right"| 1.0
|align="right"| $11.90
|align="right"| 304,200
|align="right"| 70,200
|-
| Wireworms
|align="right"| 14,400
|align="right"| 14,400
|align="right"| 1.0
|align="right"| $28.00
|align="right"| 140,400
|align="right"| 0
|-
| Mole crickets
|align="right"| 6,000
|align="right"| 4,800
|align="right"| 1.0
|align="right"| $32.00
|align="right"| 46,800
|align="right"| 70,200
|-
| Others<sup>3</sup>
|align="right"| 4,800 
|align="right"| 4,800
|align="right"| 1.0
|align="right"| $12.00
|align="right"| 46,800
|align="right"| 0
|-
|colspan="7"|
<small><sup>1</sup>Includes application costs. <sup>2</sup>Field units measured in pounds. <sup>3</sup>Others include splitworms, aphids, flea beetles, stink bugs, cutworms, armyworms, whitefringed beetles, and grasshoppers.</small>
|}

==Vegetable Insects==
''Author: A. Sparks''

Estimates in this report are provided for only those vegetable crops with an estimated acreage in Georgia of more than 1,000 acres, thus, these values represent a conservative estimate for the total industry. These major vegetable crops were planted on a estimated 184,300 acres, with a total value in excess of $ 465 million. The estimated insecticide costs and losses due to insects exceeded $ 56.5 million, or approximately 12 % of the total value of these crops. This is also a conservative estimate as it does not include costs associated with insecticide application or costs associated with non-insecticidal controls, such as use of reflective mulches.

Insect pest management in vegetables in Georgia is very dynamic because of the diversity of crops and multiple, overlapping growing seasons for many of these crops. Pest pressure and management requirements in a single crop with distinct spring and fall seasons can vary greatly between seasons as well as with location within the state. The estimates reported have been adjusted to reflect seasonal distribution of specific crops, differences in pest pressure between seasons, and estimated costs of the most common insecticides used for specific pests. Thus, for a pest that requires treatment on 100% of the fall acreage on a crop with only 10% of the acreage in the fall, a total of 0.1 applications is shown. Specific insecticide cost estimates varied from $4.50 to $5 per acre per application for pyrethroid insecticides to $60 per acre for Admire and some acaricides. Estimated yield losses include direct losses, losses associated with lack of marketability (aesthetic damage), and losses associated with diseases specifically vectored by insects (mostly viruses which would not occur without the insect vectors). Overall, these costs and loss estimates are not intended to reflect specific crop production in a given season, but reflect overall impact for the 2004 calendar year.

Approximately 40 % of the estimated losses in 2004 were contributed to viral diseases vectored by insects. Further, this value does not include the potential impact of recently discovered viruses in onions as some debate still exists as to the actual cause of the problems that have occurred in the onion crop the last two years. As in the past, the majority of direct insect losses were largely attributed to Lepidopteran insects including defoliators in cole crops, fruit feeders in beans and fruiting vegetables, the caterpillar complex in sweet corn, and pickleworm in cucurbit vegetables. Of note in 2004, spider mites were a severe pest in a variety of crops, with cucurbit vegetables experiencing extreme pest pressure in mid-summer. Whiteflies populations were also heavy in late summer. 

<center>'''Estimated acreage, average yields and total value of the top commercial vegetable crops<ref>Table includes only those vegetables with an estimated value of yield exceeding $1,000,000.</ref> in Georgia, 2004.''' </center>
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
!colspan="2"|Crop
!Acreage Planted
!Yield per Acre (units)
!Total Value of Yield
|-
|1
|Onions
|16,000
|650 (40# box)
|$85,540,000
|-
|2
|Tomato
|6,000
|1300 (25# carton)
|$84,825,000
|-
|3
|Sweet Corn
|28,000
|321 (42# crate)
|$46,628,000
|-
| 4
| Squash
| 12,000
| 383 (30# :-bu.)
| $33,321,000
|-
| 5
| Watermelons
| 30,000
| 265 (cwt)
| $30,475,000
|-
| 6
| Bell Pepper
| 4,000
| 1100 (28# 11/9-bu.) 
| $30,030,000
|-
| 7
| Cabbage
| 12,000
| 500 (50# box)
| 27,500,000
|-
| 8
| Snap Beans
| 20,000
| 176 (30# bu.)
| $25,133,000
|-
| 9
| Cucumbers
| 15,000
| 254 (55# box)
| $23,114,000
|-
| 10
| Collard Greens
| 8,500
| 350 (25# box)
| $15,019,000
|-
| 11
| Cantaloupe
| 7,200
| 210 (cwt)
| $13,860,000
|-
| 12
| Eggplant
| 1,300
| 1600 (33# 11/9-bu.) 
| 13,440,000
|-
| 13
| Turnip Greens
| 7,500
| 340 (25# box)
| $11,212,000
|-
| 14
| Southern Peas
| 6,000
| 110 (25# box)
| $7,656,000
|-
| 15
| Carrols
| 1,800
| 625 (48# master)
| $6,000,000
|-
| 16
| Mustard Greens
| 4,000
| 315 (25# box)
| $5,482,000
|-
| 17
| Lima Beans
| 3,500
| 110 (30# bu.)
| $3,848,000
|-
| 18
| Kale
| 1,500
| 360 (25# box)
| $2,308,000
|-
| colspan="2" | '''''Total'''''
| '''''184,300'''''
|
| '''''$465,391,000'''''
|}



<center>'''Estimates of Insect Control Costs and Losses for Georgia Vegetables, 2004.'''</center>
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Insect 
! Insecticide Costs<sup>1</sup>
! Yield Losses 
!Total Losses
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Lima beans''' (1.5 insecticide applications per season) [6 % yield loss]
|-
| Pod feeders (Leps, stink bugs) (1.25)
| $21,875
| $120,880
| $142,755
|-
| Soil insects (0.25)
| 4,375
| 110,000
| 114,375
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$26,250'''''
| '''''$230,880'''''
| '''''$257,130'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Snap Beans''' (2.25 insecticide applications per season) [7 % yield loss]
|-
| Whitefly (0.75)
| 412,500
| 1,005,320
| 1,417,820
|-
| Pod feeders (1.0)
| 110,000
| 502,660
| 612,660
|-
| Thrips (0.5)
| 45,000
| 251,330
| 296,330
|-
| ECB Program (0.25)
| 25,000
| (<0.05%)
| 25,000
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$592,500'''''
| '''''$1,759,310'''''
| '''''$2,351,810'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Cabbage''' (7.6 insecticide applications per season) [8 % yield loss]
|-
| Leps. (DBM, loopers)(6.5)
| 975,000
| 1,787,500
| 2,762,500
|-
| Whitefly (0.75)
| 135,000
| 206,250
| 341,250
|-
| Aphids (0.25)
| 13,500
| 68,750
| 82,250
|-
| Seedcorn maggot (0.1)
| 6,000
| 27,500
| 33,500
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$1,129,500'''''
| '''''$2,090,000'''''
| '''''$3,219,500'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Collard greens''' (7.1 insecticide applications per season) [9 % yield loss]
|-
| Leps. (DBM, loopers) (6.0)
| 637,500
| 1,088,877
| 1,726,377
|-
| Whitefly (0.45)
| 47,812
| 150,190
| 198,002
|-
| Aphids (0.5)
| 19,125
| 75,095
| 94,220
|-
| Grasshoppers (0.1)
| 3,800
| 37,548
| 41,348
|-
| Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05)
| 1,900
| (<0.05%)
| 1,900
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$710,137'''''
| '''''$1,351,710'''''
| '''''$2,061,847'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Mustard greens''' (3.65 insecticide applications per season) [4 % yield loss]
|-
| Leps. (DBM, loopers) (3.5)
| 175,000
| 109,640
| 284,640
|-
| Aphids (0.5)
| 9,000
| 82,230
| 91,230
|-
| Grasshoppers (0.1)
| 1,800
| 27,410
| 29,210
|-
| Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05)
| 900
| (<0.05)
| 900
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$186,700'''''
| '''''$219,280'''''
| '''''$405,980'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Turnip greens''' (3.65 insecticide applications per season) [5 % yield loss]
|-
| Leps. (DBM, loopers) (3.5)
| 328,125
| 336,360
| 664,485
|-
| Aphids (0.5)
| 16,875
| 168,180
| 185,055
|-
| Grasshoppers (0.1)
| 3,375
| 56,060
| 59,435
|-
| Yellow-margined leaf beetle (0.05)
| 1,688
| (<0.05%)
| 1,688
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$350,063'''''
| '''''$560,600'''''
| '''''$910,663'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Kale''' (4.75 insecticide applications per season) [9 % yield loss]
|-
| Leps. (DBM, loopers, etc.) (3.5)
| 65,625
| 167,330
| 232,955
|-
| Aphids (0.5)
| 3,375
| 11,540
| 14,915
|-
| Whitefly (0.25)
| 4,688
| 23,080
| 27,768
|-
| Leaf & flea beetles (0.5)
| 3,375
| 5,770
| 9,145
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$77,063'''''
| '''''$207,720'''''
| '''''$284,783'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Carrots '''(1.2 insecticide applications per season) [3 % yield loss]
|-
| Soil insects (1.0)
| 33,750
| 180,000
| 213,750
|-
| Leps. & aphids (0.2)
| 1,800
| (<0.05)
| 1,800
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$35,550'''''
| '''''$180,000'''''
| '''''$215,550'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Sweet corn''' (16 insecticide applications per season) [6 % yield loss]
|-
| CEW/FAW/ECB (16) (include ECB Program)
| 2,016,000
| 2,797,680
| 4,813,680
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$2,016,000'''''
| '''''$2,797,680'''''
| '''''$4,813,680'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Cucumbers''' (3.9 insecticide applications per season) [9.5 % yield loss]
|-
| Pickleworm, melonworm (3)
| 202,500
| 1,155,700
| 1,358,200
|-
| Whitefly (0.4)
| 217,500
| 1,040,130
| 1,257,630
|-
| Cucumber beetles (0.5)
| 33,750
| 115,570
| 149,320
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$453,750'''''
| '''''$2,311,400'''''
| '''''$2,765,150'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Cantaloupe''' (3.85 insecticide application per season) [7.25 % yield loss]
|-
| Pickleworm (2.5)
| 81,000
| 277,200
| 358,200
|-
| Cucumber beetles (1.0)
| 32,400
| 34,650
| 67,050
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$113,400'''''
| '''''$311,850'''''
| '''''$425,250'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Watermelons '''(1.65 insecticide application per season) [6.75 % yield loss]
|-
| Spider mites (0.4)
| 240,000
| 1,523,750
| 1,763,750
|-
| >Rindworms= (0.5)
| 67,500
| 304,750
| 372,250
|-
| Cucumber beetles (0.25)
| 33,750
| 152,375
| 186,125
|-
| Aphids (0.25)
| 33,750
| 76,188
| 109,938
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$375,000'''''
| '''''$2,057,063'''''
| '''''$2,432,063'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Squash''' (6.25 insecticide applications per season) [21.25 % yield loss]
|-
| Aphids/mosaic viruses (2)
| 132,000
| 3,998,520*
| 4,130,520
|-
| Whitefly (2)
| 292,440
| 1,999,260
| 2,291,700
|-
| Pickleworm, melonworm (2)
| 108,000
| 833,025
| 941,025
|-
| Cucumber beetles (0.25)
| 13,500
| 166,605
| 180,105
|-
| Spider mites (0.1)
| 28,000
| 83,302
| 111,302
|-
| colspan="4" | <small>* Losses associated with transmission of mosaic viruses in late spring and fall crops.</small>
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$573,940'''''
| '''''$7,080,712'''''
| '''''$7,654,652'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Eggplant '''(9 insecticide applications per season) [7.5 % yield loss]
|-
| Plant bugs (3.0)
| 17,550
| 537,600
| 555,100
|-
| Spider mites (3.5)
| 136,500
| 268,800
| 405,300
|-
| Leps. (BAW, CEW) (1.0)
| 11,050
| 100,800
| 111,850
|-
| Thrips (0.5)
| 3,250
| 67,200
| 70,450
|-
| Aphids (1.0)
| 5,850
| 33,600
| 39,450
|-
| '''''Crop totals'''''
| '''''$174,200'''''
| '''''$1,008,000'''''
| '''''$1,182,200'''''
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"| '''Onions''' (2.5 insecticide applications per season) [1.5 % yield loss]
|-
| Thrips (2)
| 144,000
| 1,069,250*
| 1,213,250
|-
|colspan="5"|
<small>Numbers in () after each crop or pest indicate the estimated average number of insecticide applications on that crop
or for the specific pest. These estimates are adjusted for differences in pest pressure in fall and spring crops and
estimated acreage of each crop in the fall and spring. Thus, estimates are not intended to reflect specific crop
production in a given season, but reflect overall impact for 2004. Similarly, numbers in [] reflect overall estimated
yield losses adjusted for spring and fall pest pressure and acreage.

<sup>1</sup>Values represent estimated costs of insecticides only. Values are adjusted for estimated costs of the most commonly
used insecticides and rates for the specific pests, which range from $4.50 per acre to $60.00 per acre. Application
costs are not included as these costs can be shared with fungicide applications and multiple insecticides can be
applied in a single application. Thus, these values represent a conservative estimate of insect control costs.</small>
|}








{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Insect
! Cost of Control
! Damage
! Total
|-
| Beetles<sup>2</sup>
| 1,650,000
| 2,700,000
| 4,350,000
|-
| Lace bugs
| 1,140,000
| 285,000
| 1,425,000
|-
| Spittle bugs
| 400,000
| 90,000
| 46,628,000 

|}

==Acknowledgments==
Many people other than the members of The University of Georgia Department of Entomology Special Committee on Insect Surveys and Losses have contributed significantly in this publication. Committee members had considerable aid from representatives of agribusiness, the United States Department of Agriculture, research and extension workers in other states, and County Extension Coordinators and Agents of The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, the Committee thanks them all. We sincerely thank Ms. Detsy Bridges and Terry All in the Entomology Unit in Athens for their assistance in compiling, typing, proofreading and preparing the web version of this report. 

==References==
<references/>

==Committee Members==
Co-Chairs: Paul Guillebeau, Phillip Roberts & Nancy Hinkle 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
! Subcommittee
! Subcommittee Chair & Members
|-
| Apiculture
| K. Delaplane, (chair)
|-
| Apple
| D. Horton (chair), J. Dutcher
|-
| Blackberry
| D. Horton (chair)
|-
| Blueberry
| D. Horton (chair)
|-
| Cotton
| P. Roberts (chair), J. Ruberson
|-
| Field Corn
| D. Buntin (chair), J. All
|-
| Fire Ants
| D. Suiter (chair), W. Gardner, K. Ross
|-
| Grain Sorghum
| D. Buntin (chair), J. All
|-
| Grape
| D. Horton (chair), J. All, J. Dutcher
|-
| Household & Structural
| D. Suiter (chair), B. Forschler
|-
| Livestock & Poultry
| N. Hinkle (chair)
|-
| Ornamental, Lawn & Turf
| R. Oetting (chair), W. Hudson, K. Braman
|-
| Pasture & Forage
| W. Hudson (chair), D. Buntin, W. Gardner
|-
| Peach
| D. Horton (chair), J. Dutcher
|-
| Peanut
| S. Brown (chair)
|-
| Pecan
| W. Hudson (chair), J. Dutcher
|-
| Public Health & Recreational Area
| E. Gray (chair)
|-
| Small Grain
| D. Buntin (chair), J. All
|-
| Soybean
| B. McPherson (chair), J. All
|-
| Strawberry
| D. Horton (chair)
|-
| Tobacco
| B. McPherson (chair)
|-
| Vegetables
| A. Sparks (chair), D. Riley
|}