IPED Glossary

		Tools for Assessing and Managing Community Forests

IPED Manual > Glossary

aphid: Small plant-eating/sucking insects causing great damage on cultivated plants. Members of the order Homoptera which undergo simple metamorphosis and whose larva somewhat resemble adults without wings.
abiotic stress: Impact caused to trees by non-living factors.
adventitious roots: Roots that develops in an unusual place such as the bole or branches.
ambrosia beetle: Beetles of the weevil subfamilies that live in symbiosis with ambrosia fungi and cultivate fungal communities that provide their sole source of nutrition.
bacteria: A large group of unicellular microorganisms that have a wide range of shapes and are capable of living in all organic lifeforms.
bacterial wetwood: A common disease that affects the wood and bark of trees, characterized by water soaked wood and a liquid that bleeds from wounds, that becomes slimy resulting in a condition known as slime flux.
bark sloughing: The casting off of bark related to tree disease or stress.
biotic: Relating to, produced by, or caused by living organisms.
bleeding: The production of sap/fluid in response disease, insects or wounding.
bole: The trunk of a tree.
bracket fungi: Shelf fungi that produce shelf or bracket-shaped fruiting bodies (conks) and range from a single row of a few, to dozens of caps.
buprestid: A family of beetles with a long, flat, metallic-colored body and the larvae that are harmful to woody plants.
cambium: The cambium layer is found directly beneath the bark on trees and is surrounded on the outside by the Phloem and inside by the Xylem.
canker: A canker is a localized, often sunken, dead area on a twig, branch or bole.
causal factor: Anything that causes a disruption of a plants normal growth.
chlorotic: Plant tissue that appear pale green to yellow.
conks: Conks are spore-producing structures of some fungi that cause wood decay
deicing salts: Salt used for ice and snow removal that is harmful to trees and result in abnormal foliage color, needle tip burn, and marginal leaf burn.
drifts: When herbicides or pesticides are moved by wind or other factors from an intended target to a nearby nonintended target.
epicormic sprouts: A shoot that arises from latent or adventitious buds that occur on stems and branches or from suckers at the base of the tree.
exit holes: After the larva of insects pupates and adults hatch, the holes left by young adults as they leave the tree.
exude: To discharge slowly.
flagging: The yellowing or wilting of foliage on a branch that commonly occurs with a number of tree diseases.
flat-headed borer: Beetles in the family Buprestidae that are beautifully marked, metallic-colored, vary in size and are somewhat flattened and boat-shaped. Although they are beetles, they are referred to as borers because of the damage they cause in trees.
fleshy mushroom: The spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source.
flush-cut: Pruning cuts that originate inside the branch bark ridge or the branch collar causing unnecessary injury to stem tissue.
frass: A solid insect excrement usually consisting of a mixture of chewed plant fragments.
frost cracks: Cracks that are caused by differential expansion and contraction of woody stem tissues during extremely cold periods.
fungal fruiting body: A fungal structure that produces spores (see "sporocarp")
galls: A gall is plant tissue that has developed as the result of feeding or other activity of insects or mites.
gummosis: Resinosis is an accumulation of pitch in conifers that is often the result of insect or pathogen attack.
heartwood: Nonliving xylem cells forming a core of wood in the center of the stem that provides the structural strength in trees.
herbicides: A chemical substance or cultured biological organism used to kill or suppress the growth of plants.
honeydew: A sticky, sweetish substance that is a good substrate for the growth of several different fungi that have very dark mycelium
interveinal chlorosis: Yellowish discoloration of green tissues in areas between the leave veins usually related to lack of chlorophyll production due to disease or stress.
interveinal scorching: The discoloration in the tissues between the leaf veins.
leaf mining: The serpentine pattern of feeding beneath the leaf surface as insects live or feed within a leaf.
leaf rollers: Leaf rollers are insects that construct shelters by rolling leaves with silk webbing.
marginal scorching: Dead tissues on the margins of leaves that result in browning and shriveling of foliage.
midrib: The midvein of a leaf or leaflet.
mottling: Mottling is spotting of leaves or needles in an uneven and undefined pattern, usually involving several different shades of color.
mycelial fans: Mycelial fans are wefts of tissue produced by fungi, usually occurring just under the bark.
mycelium: Mycelium (plural mycelia) is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like structures.
necrotic leaf blotches: Showing varying degrees of dead areas or spots, often used to describe brown spots left by insects or disease.
non-target: Incidence related to chemical applications when drift from herbicides/insecticides/fungicides cause damage to adjacent vegetation.
parasitic plants: A parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant. Parasitic plants have a modified root that penetrates the host plant and connects to the xylem or phloem or both.
pathogenic: A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. Soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.
pervasive twig dieback: Spreading through every part.
pitch: Pitch is a highly viscous liquid that appears solid and is also known as resin.
phloem: In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant.
pupation: Period in the life cycle of an insect when the adult structures of the insect are formed and the larval structures are broken down.
pustules: An abscess or eruption.
resinosis: Exudations of pitch on the tree, often associated with fungal infection of the roots, bole or branches, or with root collar weevils.
rhizomorphs: Shoestring-like structures produced by some root disease fungi.
sap: Phloem and xylem fluid released from a tree due to the build up of pressurein sapwood that is released through wounds or openings.
sapsuckers: Insects which suck nutrition from the foliage.
sawflies: Sawflies belong to the same group of insects as wasps, ants and bees.
scorching: Dead tissues on the margins of leaves or between veins that results in browning and shriveling of foliage.
shot holes: Tiny holes found in the bark caused by beetles exiting a tree.
sign: The physical evidence of a causal agent.
skeletonizers: Insects feeding that results in a lacy pattern on foliage.
slime flux: Slime flux is associated with several bacteria and is an exudate that is composed of sap and bacteria.
spindle shaped bags: Small spindle shaped bags hanging from the foliage or twigs that are the protective feeding enclosures for some caterpillars.
sporadic feeding: Feeding by insects that occurs irregularly or at intervals that has no apparent pattern but can cause significant injury to plants.
sporocarps: A sporocarp is a specialized type of structure with the primary function of producing and releasing spores.
stippling: Small, white spotting, speckled injuries on foliage.
symptom: A plants reaction to a causal agent.
webworms: A caterpillar that spins a web in which it feeds or rests.
wilt: The loss of water turgor pressure in a leaf, causing a leaf to droop or curl or to lose a degree of its normal color.
witches broom: Caused by twig growth resulting from a lack of apical dominance that causes side shoots to elongate, forming dense clusters or broom-like masses of twigs.
wefts: Threadlike or weaved as often seen with mycelian fans usually occurring under the bark.