HPIPM:Western Corn Rootworm FC
Author: Frank B. Peairs[1]
Identification (and life cycle/seasonal history)
Western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, larvae are white and slender with brown heads, and a dark plate on the top side of the terminal body segment. Mature rootworm larvae are about 12 millimeters (1/2 inch) long. Rootworm adults are medium sized, six millimeters (1/4 inch), beetles with black and yellow striped wings. Northern and southern corn rootworms also occur regionally, however, western corn rootworm is by far the most important species.
The WCR overwinters in the egg stage, which starts to hatch in late spring, depending on soil temperature accumulations. After egg-hatch, the small rootworm larvae move to nearby corn roots and begin feeding on root hairs and small roots. These larvae can travel at least 50 centimeters (20 inches) to find corn roots. By early July, most rootworm larvae have matured and quit feeding to construct a small pupal cell. The transformation from pupa to adult requires five to 10 days, depending on soil temperatures. By early July most larvae have changed into adult beetles, which then emerge from the soil to feed, mate, and lay eggs. Females may lay 300 to 400 eggs in the upper two to eight inches of soil, preferring moist areas with organic matter content above 1.5 percent. These eggs produce the larvae that will attack the following year’s corn crop.
Plant Response and Damage
The WCR larvae feed on corn root systems. Peak feeding usually occurs from late June to mid-July. Lodging (goose necking) of corn plants due to larval root feeding is a typical symptom of damage. Adults often feed on corn silks. Severe silk pruning may result in yield reduction due to poor pollination. However, most damage is due to larval root feeding.
Management Approaches
Resistant Varieties
Bt corn hybrids are available with many trait combinations. Events that target caterpillar pests, such as European corn borer or western bean cutworm, will have no effect on corn rootworms. See Managing Corn Pests with Bt Corn, [2], for details on the use of Bt corn hybrids to control corn pests. See [3] for an excellent summary of currently available traits.
If the effectiveness of Bt rootworm traits is a concern, consider the other rootworm management options outlined below. All approaches have their drawbacks, but should prove effective in combination.
Conventional (non Bt) varieties do differ in root development, so select a hybrid well adapted to the area that can be expected to produce a vigorous root system. Such varieties can be expected to tolerate a moderate amount of root feeding.
Cultural Control
Crop rotation is the most consistent and economical means of controlling WCR populations. Larvae must feed on corn roots in order to grow and develop properly. If they hatch in a field that has been rotated out of corn, they will starve to death.
Early planting: Fields that have completed pollen shed are not very attractive to rootworm beetles. Early planted fields can be through with pollination before the majority of the adults have emerged, and therefore have less egg laying activity. Early planted fields also will have relatively larger root systems when rootworm feeding starts. This makes them somewhat more tolerant to rootworm damage.
Chemical Control
At-plant treatments: Damage from corn rootworm larvae is most likely in continuous corn. Chemical application to first year corn is not recommended. Incorporation of soil insecticides into the soil protects wildlife. If corn is planted prior to May 15, post emergent treatments are preferable. Some performance problems have occurred with all rootworm insecticides. Performance of soil insecticides should be checked by leaving an untreated strip in each field. Examine some roots from this strip in late July. If poor control should occur, switch insecticides, preferably to another class (e.g., carbamate or organophosphate). Some corn rootworm insecticide products are available in packages designed for safer handling and/or easier disposal. See your dealer for further information.
Post-emergent treatments: The granular formulations listed (except Capture, Fortress, Smartchoice, Defcon, and Aztec) can be applied at the same rates, as a band on either side of the row, by cultivator shoes and disc hillers at cultivation. Liquids for cultivation applications include chlorpyrifos 4ER, chlorpyrifos + gamma cyhalothrinR, and Cobalt AdvancedR. Chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos + gamma cyhalothrin, and Cobalt Advanced also may be chemigated. Consult the label for dosage and application details. (RRestricted use pesticide) Application at cultivation is usually more reliable than at planting. Apply only before June 15.
Adulticide treatments: Control of rootworm adults is intended either to protect silks during pollination or to prevent egg laying and damage to roots in next years crop. Adults rarely become numerous enough to interfere with pollination. Control may be justifiable if there are more than 10 beetles per ear zone during the wet silk stage.
If treatments are intended to prevent egg laying then treatment is recommended when beetle counts exceed 18,000 beetles per acre (three beetles in four plants at 24,000 plants per acre). This threshold also can be used for determining the need for a soil insecticide in the following year if adult control is not used. In first year corn, lower this to 12,000 beetles per acre because a higher proportion of the population will be egg-laying females. Adult treatments applied too early, that is, before 10 percent of the females are carrying fertile eggs, may not have much effect on egg laying. Determining the percentage of females with fertile eggs can be difficult, but generally, the proper time for the application of adult treatments occurs two to three weeks after the first adult emerges. A second adult treatment should be considered if beetle densities rebound to above 12,000 per acre (one beetle in two plants at 24,000 plant per acre). The products listed for control of western bean cutworm (see western bean cutworm product list) with the exceptions of Belt, Intrepid, Radiant, and spinosad may be used at label rates to control adult corn rootworms.
Note: Adult control can pose a significant threat to bees which frequently visit corn fields during pollen shed. If bee safety is a significant concern, consider controlling corn rootworms by crop rotation, resistant varieties, or by use of soil insecticides at planting or cultivation.
Product list for Western Corn Rootworm:
Efficacy data for some products against western corn rootworm can be found in the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report series "20xx Colorado Field Crop Insect Management Research and Demonstration Trials" located at [2].
| Insecticide | Ounces Product per 1000 Row Feet | Preharvest Interval, Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| (University test data are limited, but results to date indicate that seed treatments are not as effective as granules and liquids for control of heavy rootworm infestations.) | ||
| Avicta Duo Corn | Seed treatment | Commercial treatment only. |
| clothianidin (generic) | Seed treatment | Commercial treatment only. |
| imidacloprid (generic) | Seed treatment | Commercial treatment only. |
| Cruiser, Cruiser Extreme | Seed treatment | See label. |
| Check label to determine if granules can be applied in-furrow and allowed to come in contact with seed (University tests have not shown any consistent advantage for this type of placement.) | ||
| Capture 1.15GR | 6.4 - 8 | 24 hour REI. T-band at planting. Granules must be incorporated. |
| Mocap 15GR | 8 | 72 hour REI. Band over closed row at planting. Granules must be incorporated. |
| Smartchoice 5G or HCR | 4.5 5.0 (5G) or 1.5 - 1.67 (HC) | 72 hour REI. In-furrow only. |
| FortressR 2.5G or 5G | 6 – 9 (2.5G), 3 – 4.5 (5G) | 72 hour REI. In-furrow or T-band with incorporation only. |
| chlorpyrifos 15G2 | 8 | 24 hour REI. T-band or in-furrow. Do not exceed 16 oz/1000 ft. row. |
| Thimet 2OGR | 4.5 - 6 | 72 hour REI. Banded with incorporation. Do not apply to popcorn. |
| Defcon 2.1GR or Defcon 4.67GR | 6.7 (2.1G)or 3.0 (4.67G) | 72 hour REI. Band behind press wheel and incorporate. |
| Counter 15GR | 8 | 72 hour REI. Banded or in-furrow. Do not exceed 8.7 lb (15G) per acre. Consult current product labels for herbicide compatibility statement and other details. |
| Counter 20GR | 6 | 72 hour REI. Banded or in-furrow. Do not exceed 6.5 lb (15G) per acre. Consult current product labels for herbicide compatibility statement and other details. |
| AztecR 2.1G, 4.67G, HC | 6.7 (2.1G), 3.0 (4.67G), 1.5 (HC) | 72 hour REI. Band, T-band or in-furrow at planting only. |
| tefluthrinR,2 | Various formulations, see labels. | 0 hour REI. Banded, T-banded, or in-furrow at planting. |
| bifenthrin 2ER,2 | See labels. | 12 hour REI. T-band, use at least 3 gallons per acre finished spray. |
| IndexR | 0.65-0.72 | 72 hour REI. In-furrow only. |
| chlorpyrifosR,1,2 | See labels. | 24 hour REI. Preplant, at-plant or preemergence. |
| chlorpyrifos + bifenthrinR,2 | See labels | 24 hour REI. At-plant. See labels for information about use with other products containing bifenthrin. |
| gamma cyhalothrinR,2 | See labels. | 24 hour REI. T-band or in-furrow, use at least 3 gallons per acre finished spray. |
| lambda cyhalothrinR,2 | See labels. | 24 hour REI. T-band or in-furrow, use at least 3 gallons per acre finished spray. |
| Force CS, Force EVOR | 0.46 - 0.57 | 48 hour REI (see labels for exceptions). T-band or in-furrow. |
| See text for products approved for post emergence applications. | ||
| RRestricted use pesticide. 2Generic active ingredient. Several products available. | ||
The information herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and that listing of commercial products, necessary to this guide, implies no endorsement by the authors or the Extension Services of Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming or Montana. Criticism of products or equipment not listed is neither implied nor intended. Due to constantly changing labels, laws and regulations, the Extension Services can assume no liability for the suggested use of chemicals contained herein. Pesticides must be applied legally complying with all label directions and precautions on the pesticide container and any supplemental labeling and rules of state and federal pesticide regulatory agencies. State rules and regulations and special pesticide use allowances may vary from state to state: contact your State Department of Agriculture for the rules, regulations and allowances applicable in your state and locality.
