HPIPM:Cheat
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Contents |
Cheat (Bromus secalinus L.)
Compiled by Jeff Edwards, University of Wyoming, Goshen County Extension.
and Marjolein Schat, Montana State University from the following sources:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BRSE
http://www.okrangelandswest.okstate.edu/pdfFiles/OSUextPubs/F-2774web.pdf
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/pests/ipm1007cheat.htm
http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/cm_chess.htm
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/pests/ipm1007cheat.htm
Identification and Life Cycle
Cheat (Bromus secalinus L.) is an annual in the grass family (Poaceae). Other common names for B. secalinus include bromegrass, chess, and rye brome. Cheat leaves are rolled in the shoot and can be smooth or occasionally hairy on both surfaces. Leaves lack auricles and have a membranous ligule that is 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 mm long and is usually distinctly toothed or fringed with hairs near the top. Leaf blades are approximately 5 to 10 mm wide. Leaf sheaths are round and can also be smooth or slightly hairy on the lower portions. The seedhead is a drooping panicle but more upright than that of downy brome. Cheat appears similar to downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) but the leaves are less hairy and the spikelets also have shorter awns than those of downy brome.
Habitats
Cheat can grow in a number of conditions including dry prairies, limestone glades, disturbed grassy meadows, vacant lots, abandoned fields, crops fields, and waste areas.
Impacts
Cheat competes with grains and can cause harvesting and dockage losses when cheat seed contaminates grains.
Biology and Ecology
Cheat germinates in fall and grows vegetatively through the fall and winter months. Reproductive growth begins in March. Flowering and seed set occur in May and June.
Management Approaches
Cheat and winter wheat respond similarly to may management practices. Prevention through control of cheat along field margins prior to seed set and cleaning equipment is a key to management.
Biological Control
There are currently no biological control agents available for cheat.
Mechanical and Cultural Control
Maintaining and promoting vigorous winter wheat stands can help reduce the impact of cheat. This can be accomplished by increasing seeding rates while reducing row spacing, planting competitive wheat varieties, and delaying wheat seeding until after cheat has germinated and seedlings have been destroyed or controlled. Deep plowing can bury cheat seed below a depth from which they can germinate, but soil conservation and costs associated with deep plowing should be considered prior to adopting this technique.
Chemical Control
There are a variety of selective post emergence herbicides available that can be effective against cheat. When using herbicides alternate products with different modes of action to aid in resistance management. Currently there are at least 81 products registered for use on cheatgrass representing 10 of the 27 herbicide groups (defined Modes of Action).
For herbicide recommendations for specific grain rotations and weeds in Montana, please see the MSU Herbicide Chooser Tool.
Examples of herbicides that can be used to manage cheat
Consult herbicide labels for additional rate, application, and safety information. Additional herbicide information can be found at http://www.greenbook.net.
| Herbicide Active Ingredient trade name | Mode of Action | Product per Acre | Application Time or Growth Stage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass Grown for Seed | |||
| Glyphosate | Inhibition of EPSP synthase | ||
| *Roundup Original Max | 11 – 16 ounces | Apply pre-plant, at planting, or pre-emergency. Best to apply before cheat reaches boot stage. | |
| Potato | |||
| Clethodim | Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) | ||
| *Select Max | 9 – 16 ounces | Do not apply less than 30 days before harvest. Apply when cheat is 2 to 6 inches tall. | |
| Clearfield® Spring Wheat | |||
| Imazamox | Inhibition of acetolacetate synthase ALS (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS) | ||
| *Beyond | 4 ounces | Apply post emergence when cheat has 1 to 5 leaves and no more than 2 tillers. | |
| Clearfield® Winter Wheat | |||
| Imazamox | Inhibition of acetolacetate synthase ALS (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS) | ||
| *Beyond | 4 - 6 ounces | Apply early post emergence when cheat has 1 to 5 leaves and no more than 2 tillers. | |
| Spring, Durum, and Winter Wheat | |||
| Flucarbazone | Inhibition of acetolacetate synthase ALS (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS) | ||
| *Everest | 0.6 ounce | Apply to spring wheat prior to jointing, when the majority of plants have one to four leaves on the main stem plus two tillers. For winter wheat apply either in the fall or spring when the majority ofplants have one leaf to full tillering by prior to jointing. Apply when cheat is actively growing. | |
The information herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and that listing of commercial products, necessary to this guide, implies no endorsement by the authors or the Extension Services of Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming or Montana. Criticism of products or equipment not listed is neither implied nor intended. Due to constantly changing labels, laws and regulations, the Extension Services can assume no liability for the suggested use of chemicals contained herein. Pesticides must be applied legally complying with all label directions and precautions on the pesticide container and any supplemental labeling and rules of state and federal pesticide regulatory agencies. State rules and regulations and special pesticide use allowances may vary from state to state: contact your State Department of Agriculture for the rules, regulations and allowances applicable in your state and locality.
