Foliage

From Bugwoodwiki

Hagle, S.K; S. Tunnock; K.E. Gibson; and C.J. Gilligan. 1987. Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Idaho and Montana Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. State and Private Forestry, Northern Region. Missoula, Montana. Reprint 1990. Publication Number R1-89-54.

1 Damage on Douglas-fir, true firs, spruces or western hemlock --- 2

1’ Damage on pines or larch --- 26

2 Needles chewed; severed, chunks removed stubs or midribs remaining (defoliating insects) --- 3

2’ Needles are not chewed but are discolored, spotted, or have mold on their surfaces --- 7

3 New needles chewed and webbed together to form "nest" around larva; larvae have brown heads, white spots on bodies --- Western Spruce Budworm

3’ No webbing or sparse webbing --- 4

4 Tussocks of hair on back of larvae; hairy cocoons sometimes visible on foliage, limbs or bark --- Douglas-fir Tussock Moth

4’ Larvae hairless --- 5

5 On Douglas-fir only; larvae are a deep tan color and have a yellow, broad stripe bordered by several darker strips on their underside; mainly in western Montana --- Western False Hemlock Looper

5’ On most species of conifers, mainly in northern Idaho; larvae green to brown in color with diamond-shaped markings on their backs --- Western Hemlock Looper

6 Foliage covered with black or brown mold, matting needles together --- Brown Felt Blight

6’ Foliage without brown felt blight --- 7

7 On hemlock or spruce; mined needles buff to brown colored with hollow interior, may have exit hole, may have larva inside needles --- Needle Miners

7’ Needles not mined --- 8

8 Outermost foliage red, yellow or brown or cast, especially at top of tree or on the south aspect of the tree crown; damage seen in many trees in area, in elevational band on hillside, along roadsides, or near developed or agricultural sites, or in multiple species on site --- 9

8’ Other symptoms or signs --- 10

9 Foliage thinning and chlorotic at top of tree; individual branches may be somewhat green while others appear dead, little or no growth; wilted buds --- Drought injury

9’ Not as above or drought not suspected --- 10

10 Buds red-brown or wilted; damage observed in early summer during shoot elongation --- Frost Injury

10 Not as above or frost injury not suspected --- 11

11 Outer foliage red-brown above level of snow pack, especially on south aspect of crown; occurring throughout an area such as a frost pocket, ridge, or exposed aspect of a slope --- 12

11’ Other symptoms or patterns or winter injury not suspected --- 13

12 Damaged trees are in an elevational band on a hillside --- Red Belt (Winter Injury)

12’ Damaged trees not in an elevational band --- Winter Desiccation

13 Damage along roadsides, near lawns or agricultural sites or other locations with known or suspected use of herbicides, dust abatement treatments or other toxic chemical exposure. Outer foliage and foliage in upper crown usually most damaged; often highly variable among branches in crown --- Chemical Injury

13’ Other symptoms or signs or chemical injury not suspected --- 14

14 On Douglas-fir --- 15

14’ On true firs or spruce --- 18

15 Waxy white tufts on needles --- Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid

15’ Spots, bands, or uniformly chlorotic; some needles may be shed --- 16

16 Swelling on needles; orange maggots may be inside gall --- Douglas-fir needle midge

16’ No needle swelling --- 17

17 Red or brown spots or bands --- Rhabdocline Needle Cast

17’ Uniformly chlorotic or brown with tiny yellow flecks; tiny black bodies emerging from stomata on underside of needles --- Swiss Needle Cast

18 Branches forming witches broom --- 19

18’ No witches broom formed --- 20

19 On true firs --- Fir Broom Rust

19’ On spruce --- Spruce Broom Rust

20 Outer foliage red-brown above level of snow pack, especially on south aspect of crown; occurring throughout an area such as a frost pocket, ridge, or exposed aspect of a slope --- 21

20’ Other symptoms or patterns or winter injury not suspected --- 22

21 Damaged trees are in an elevational band on a hillside --- Red Belt (Winter Injury)

21’ Damaged trees not in an elevational band --- Winter Desiccation

22 Damage along roadsides, near lawns or agricultural sites or other locations with known or suspected use of herbicides, dust abatement treatments or other toxic chemical exposure.Outer foliage and foliage in upper crown usually most damaged; often highly variable among branches in crown --- Chemical Injury

22’ Other symptoms or signs or chemical injury not suspected --- 23

23 On spruce, waxy white tufts on needles or with yellow-purple galls on new shoots --- Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid

23’ On true firs --- 24

24 Needles discolored yellow, red, brown or gray; or with black lines or spots; or with white to orange pustules protruding from the underside --- Fir Needle Diseases

24’ New shoot wilted, turning red from tip --- 25

25 Back black fruiting bodies on needles and new shoots --- Delphinella Shoot Blight

25’ No fruiting bodies observed --- Frost Injury

26 On larch --- 27

26’ On pines --- 33

27 Needles not chewed --- 28

27’ Needles chewed --- 30

28 Needles red or brown, drooping, remaining attached to spur; oblong black spots may be present --- Larch Needle Blight

28’ Needles yellow to brown in spots or bands especially toward tips --- 29

29 Needles hollowed especially toward tips; dried straw-colored pieces of needles (cases) may be sticking up on needle; hollowed needle tips crooked or wilted --- Larch Casebearer

29’ Needles with yellow or brown spots or bands; not hollow or wilted, no casebearer --- Larch Needle Cast

30 Webbed needles; needles pulled together in clusters forming tubes --- 31

30’ No webbing or sparse webbing --- 32

31 Nests tubelike and lines with silk; larvae have dark brown to black heads and no white spots on body --- Larch Budmoth

31’ Loose webbed nest; larvae are light tan with white spots on body --- Western Spruce Budworm

32 Chunks are eaten out of needles; larvae are gray-green with black shiny heads --- Larch Sawfly

32’ Needles partially eaten or cut off; large green to brown with diamond-shaped markings on their backs --- Western Hemlock Looper

33 Needles not chewed but are discolored, spotted, or have organisms on surface --- 34

33’ Needles chewed; severed, chunks removed, stubs or midribs remain (defoliating insects) --- 56

34 Lodgepole, ponderosa or Jeffrey pine; new shoots with white webbing, needles uniformly tan, stunted and easily removed from sheath --- Pine Needle Sheathminer

34’ White webbing absent --- 35

35 Black or brown mold binding needles together in mass --- Brown Felt Blight

35’ Without black or brown mold --- 36

36 Winter, drought or chemical injury suspected. Outermost foliage red, yellow or brown or cast, especially at top of tree or on the south aspect of the tree crown; damage seen in many trees in area, in elevational band on hillside, along roadsides, or near developed or agriculturalsites, or in multiple species on site --- 37

36’ Other symptoms or signs or abiotic injury not suspected --- 42

37 Foliage thinning and chlorotic at top of tree; individual branches may be somewhat green while others appear dead, little or no growth; wilted buds --- Drought injury

37’ Not as above or drought not suspected --- 38

38 Buds red-brown or wilted; damage observed in early summer during shoot elongation --- Frost Injury

38 Not as above or frost injury not suspected --- 39

39 Outer foliage red-brown above level of snow pack, especially on south aspect of crown; occurring throughout an area such as a frost pocket, ridge, or exposed aspect of a slope --- 40

39’ Other symptoms or patterns or winter injury not suspected --- 41

40 Damaged trees are in an elevational band on a hillside --- Red Belt (Winter Injury)

40’ Damaged trees not in an elevational band --- Winter Desiccation

41 Damage along roadsides, near lawns or agricultural sites or other locations with known or suspected use of herbicides, dust abatement treatments or other toxic chemical exposure. Outer foliage and foliage in upper crown usually most damaged; often highly variable among branches in crown --- Chemical Injury

41’ Other symptoms or signs or chemical injury not suspected --- 42

42 On western white pine, sugar, whitebark pine or limber pine --- 43

42’ On lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine or piñon pine --- 45

43 Western white pine; 1 and 2 year-old needles red-brown; some needles missing others gray, drooping on twig --- Lophodermium nitens (Pine Needle casts & Blights)

43’ Other 5-needle pines or other symptoms --- 44

44 Whitebark, limber or sugar pine; needles almost entirely red-brown, elliptical fruiting bodies in spring, concolorous with needle --- Lophodermella arcuata (Pine Needle casts & Blights)

44’ Whitebark, limber or western white pine; needles straw-colored or red-brown, especially at tips, elliptical fruiting bodies in spring, shiny black --- Bifusella linearis (Pine Needle casts and Blights)

45 Needles entirely or partly buff to reddish brown with discolored portion hollow inside; needles mined; larva may be present in center of mined needles --- 46

45’ Needles not mined, but may have round holes --- 47

46 Piñon or singleleaf piñon --- Piñon Needleminer

46’ Lodgepole pine --- Lodgepole Needleminer

46’’ Ponderosa pine --- Ponderosa Needleminer (rarely, Lodgepole Needleminer)

47 Round puncture holes in needles; needles discolored in immediate area of hole, but not otherwise discolored --- Scythropus elegans (Defoliating Weevils)

47 Needles without puncture wounds --- 48

48 Needles with many white or black scales or with tiny black crawling insects --- 49

48’ Needles without scales or insects --- 52

49 Piñon pines --- 50

49’ Other pines --- 51

50 Black, bean-shaped scales or black crawling insects --- Piñon Leaf Scale]]

50’ Black scales approx.2 mm long, appressed with central yellow-brown nipple --- Black Pineleaf Scale

51 Lodgepole or ponderosa pines; white scales, oval, yellow at tip --- Pine Needle Scale

51’ Ponderosa, Jeffrey, or sugar pine; black scales approx. 2 mm long, appressed with central yellow-brown nipple --- Black Pineleaf Scale

52 On ponderosa pine; tan to brown needles; discoloration progressing from tip’ may be brooms’ may be lack lines of fruiting bodies at base of needle in mid- to late summer --- Elytroderma Needle Cast

52 On other species or not as above --- 53

53 On lodgepole pine; 1-3 yr old foliage; yellow bands progressing to red-brown from tips; elliptical fruiting bodies in spring concolorous with discolored needle --- Lophodermella concolor (Pine Needle casts and Blights)

53’ Other species or not as above --- 54

54 Ponderosa, Jeffrey or lodgepole pines; discolored or cast needles --- 55

54 Other species or foliage not discolored or cast; needles and, sometimes, shoots twisted or recurved giving tree wilted appearance --- Hormone-type herbicide (Chemical Injury)

55 Distinctive red-brown transverse bands or spots on needles that are at first green, becoming tan; round, black, erumpent fruiting bodies produced in bands --- Mycosphaerella pini (Pine Needle casts and Blights)

55’ Older dead needles gray and drooping on twig; 1-3 year-old needles red-brown, often just a few needles affected; shiny ovate black fruiting bodies and transverse black lines present in spring through summer. --- Lophodermium spp. (Pine Needle casts and Blights)

56 Lodgepole, ponderosa or limber pine; webbing nests present --- Sugar Pine Tortrix

56’ No webbing or sparse webbing --- 57

57 Chunks removed randomly over needle or holes in needle; ponderosa or lodegpole pine --- Defoliating Weevil

57’ Large portions or entire needle consumed --- 58

58 Looper --- 59

58’ Not a looper --- 60

59 Ponderosa pine; young larvae light brown with yellow stripes; older larvae have tubercles and look like pine twigs --- Pine Looper

59’ On white pines; larvae green to brown with diamond-shaped markings on "backs" --- Western Hemlock Looper

60 On lodgepole, ponderosa and pinyon pines. Larvae feed on all but current needles and are yellow-green with shiny black heads; six or more pairs of "legs" on mid portion of body as in figure 2B (p.25)--- Pine Sawflys

60’ Larvae are caterpillars as in figure 2A (p.25) --- 61

61 On ponderosa , Jeffrey or lodgepole pines in Utah, California or Wyoming. Young larvae brown, covered with dark hairs, Older larve greenish-yellow with a few branched spines at each segment --- Pandora Moth

61’ On ponderosa, western white, and lodgepole pines. Young larvae pale green with black heads; older larvae have two white lateral stripes and green heads; older foliage consumed; adults are white with black markings around edges of wings --- Pine Butterfly