Bark Beetles of Southern Pines - Identification and Control
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Georgia Forestry Commission
Contents |
Authors
C. Wayne Berisford, Professor of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens;
U. Eugene Brady, Professor of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens;
V. Rodney Coleman, Extension Entomologist, The University of Georgia, Athens;
Louis H. Kudon, Post Doctoral Associate, Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens;
Terry S. Price, Forest Entomologist, Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon;
John W. Taylor, Integrated Pest Management Specialist, USDA-Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta;
George D. (Ted) Walker, Extension Forester, The University of Georgia, Athens
Supported by the USDA, Forest Service, Forest Insect and Disease Management, Southern Region, Atlanta; The Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon; The Georgia Experiment Station.
Introduction
Bark beetles of southern pines frequently cause considerable concern among forest pest management specialists, landowners and land managers alike. The most aggressive species, the southern pine beetle, can rapidly increase its numbers to epidemic proportions leaving thousands of dead pines in its wake. The black turpentine beetle and Ips spp. bark beetles may also cause serious problems, although they usually do not kill large numbers of trees in one spot. This publication is intended to help determine which bark beetles are killing trees, to determine if control is necessary, and to help choose the most practical method for controlling bark beetles in a given situation. If chemical control is selected, this guide will help ensure its effectiveness.
Although several control methods are available, chemical control may often be the most practical and economical solution, particularly where high-value trees are involved. The techniques for safe and effective applications of pesticides for bark beetle control are straightforward and easy to follow. However, failure to follow these guidelines may result in ineffective control, added expense and unnecessary exposure of nontarget organisms or areas to pesticides.
Identifcation of Bark Beetles
Techniques for Bark Beetle Control
Control Procedures
References
Berisford, C. W. and U.E. Brady. 1976. Duration of Protection of Loblolly Pines From Ips Bark Beetles by Lindane. J. Econ. Entomol. 69:357-8.
Berisford, C.W., U.E. Brady, R.F. Mizell 111, J.H. Lashomb, G.L. Fitzpatrick, I.R. Ragenovich, and F.L. Hastings . 1980. A Technique for Testing Insecticides for Preventive Control of Bark Beetles. J. Econ. Entomol.73:694-697.
Berisford, C.W., U.E. Brady, G.E. Fitzpatrick, C.K. Franklin, F.L. Hastings, A.S. Jones, J.H. Lashomb, R.F. Mizell 111, W.W. Neel, and I.R. Ragenovich. 1981a. Efficacy Studies: Prevention. In Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Insecticides for Southern Pine Beetle Control. F.L. Hastings and J.E. Coster, Eds. USDA, FS Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report SE-21.
Berisford, C.W., U.E. Brady, G.E. Fitzpatrick, J.H. Lashomb, R.F. Mizell 111, W.W. Neel and I.R. Ragenovich. 1981b. Efficacy Studies: Remedial. In Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Insecticides for Southern Pine Beetle Control. F.L. Hastings and J.E. Coster, Eds. USDA, FS Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report SE-21.
Berisford, C.W., U.E. Brady, and I.R. Ragenovich. 1981c. Residue Studies. In Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Insecticides for Southern Pine Beetle Control. F.L. Hastings and J.E. Coster, Eds. USDA, FS Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report SE-21.Berisford, C.W., R.H. Turnbow, and U.E. Brady. 1982. Selective Application of Insecticides for Prevention of Southern Pine Beetle Attack. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:458-461.
Brady, U.E., C.W. Berisford, T.L. Hall, and J.S. Hamilton. 1980. Efficacy and Persistence of Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl and Lindane for Preventive and Remedial Control of the Southern Pine Beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 73:639-641.
Kenaga, E.F. and R.W. Morgan. 1978. Commercial and Experimental Organic Insecticides. Special Publication 78-1. Entomological Society of America, College Park, MD.
Merkel, E.P. 1981. Control of the Black Turpentine Beetle. Georgia Forestry Research Paper No. 15. 4 pp.
Swain, K.M. and M.C. Remion. 1981. Direct Control Methods for the Southern Pine Beetle. USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 575. 15 pp.
Wilkinson, R.C. and J.L. Foltz. 1982. Ips Engraver Beetles: Identification, Biology, and Control. Georgia Forestry Research Paper No. 35. 10 pp
